{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:25:58Z","timestamp":1793035558343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salvia transsylvanica was investigated as a source of bioactive metabolites by optimizing hydroethanolic ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and comparing it with classical preparations. A D-optimal quadratic design was applied to aerial parts to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic amplitude, extraction time, and ethanol concentration on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH), yielding models with good fit and predictive ability. The optimal conditions (24% amplitude, 12 min, 38% ethanol) were then applied to aerial parts, flowers, and leaves, affording extracts with high TPC values (up to 240 mg GAE\/g extract) and antioxidant activities comparable to aqueous infusions and 70% hydroethanolic macerates, with FRAP and DPPH values above 400 mg TE\/g dw. Targeted HPLC-MS analysis revealed a Salvia-typical phenolic profile dominated by rosmarinic acid (up to 20 mg\/g extract), methyl rosmarinate, caffeic acid derivatives, salvianolic acid K, and flavone glycosides (luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside), with leaf extracts generally richest in phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Conversely, macerates showed superior recovery of phytosterols and tocopherols. The extracts displayed moderate, selective antibacterial effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones up to 4 mm for flower-based preparations. Overall, UAE emerged as an efficient, green strategy for a rapid recovery of phenolic antioxidants from S. transsylvanica, while classical maceration complements it for lipophilic constituents, supporting the valorization of this endemic sage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:46:11Z","timestamp":1777455971000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Reveals Salvia transsylvanica as a Rosmarinic Acid-Rich Endemic Sage with Antioxidant Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria-Doroteia","family":"Brudiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Nicolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Gabriel","family":"Moro\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Cristina","family":"Urcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurian","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5848-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea M\u0103n\u0103\u015ftur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianina","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.121049","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Diversity of the Genus Salvia L. 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