{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:44:49Z","timestamp":1791477889283,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of Science and Technology of Guangzhou","award":["2025D04J0074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025D04J0074"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026A1515011965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A1515011965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005706","name":"Beijing Technology & Business University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["hc202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hc202204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["hc202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["hc202204"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013e0zm98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fingered citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle) is rich in phenolic constituents, yet systematic comparisons of free and bound phenolics across tissues and origins remain limited. This study compared the peel, pulp, and blend (whole fruit) of fingered citron from five Chinese regions: Zhejiang (ZJ), Yunnan (YN), Sichuan (SC), Guangdong (GD), and Guangxi (GX). Methods: Phenolic compositions were determined by colorimetric assays and HPLC. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ORAC and PSC, and hypoglycemic-related activity by \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibition and glucose consumption in an insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model. Results: Phenolic distribution followed the order peel &gt; blend &gt; pulp, and free &gt; bound. HPLC identified 11 free and 5 bound phenolics, predominantly hesperidin, quercetin, and 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin. GX peel exhibited the highest free phenolic content (106.34 \u00b1 0.23 mg GAE\/100 g FW) and superior ORAC (30.56 \u00b1 0.50 \u03bcmol TE\/g FW), strongly correlating with total phenolics (r = 0.98, p &lt; 0.01). Free phenolics showed stronger \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibition, whereas bound phenolics produced higher glucose consumption in the IR-HepG2 cell model. The GX blend bound fraction showed the highest glucose consumption (5.48 \u00b1 0.98 mmol\/L). Conclusions: Under fresh-weight-based conditions, phenolic composition and in vitro bioactivities differed by fruit part, region, and phenolic fraction. Peel, especially GX peel, tended to show higher phenolic levels and stronger antioxidant-related performance, whereas the GX blend bound fraction showed the highest glucose-consumption-promoting activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:32:22Z","timestamp":1777469542000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tissue-Specific Profiles of Free and Bound Phenolics and Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Glycemic-Regulation-Related Activities in Fingered Citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaming","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0597-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103985","article-title":"Characterization, Antioxidant and \u03b1-Amylase Inhibition of Polysaccharides and Phosphorylated Derivatives from Finger Citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle)","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tundis, R., Xiao, J., Silva, A.S., Carreir\u00f3, F., and Loizzo, M.R. 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