{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:31Z","timestamp":1792788931226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["202411117253Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202411117253Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) lacks effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). While oxidative stress drives PD pathogenesis, broad-spectrum antioxidants frequently fail in clinical trials due to limited specificity and poor cerebral bioavailability. In PD, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arise from multiple intracellular sources, among which mitochondrial dysfunction is widely recognized as a fundamental driver, while nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4), a constitutively active NOX isoform that predominantly generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has emerged as an important enzymatic contributor in the central nervous system. This review systematically examines the important role of NOX4 in PD and proposes a mechanistic framework by which NOX4-derived ROS contribute to PD progression. NOX4-derived ROS may directly promote mitochondrial dysfunction, proteostasis disruption, neuroinflammation, and ferroptosis. More importantly, NOX4-derived ROS may aggravate mitochondrial dysfunction to increase mitochondrial ROS production, thereby promoting PD progression indirectly. We systematically summarize the emerging NOX4-targeted strategies, including highly selective small-molecule inhibitors, natural products, gene therapies, and blood\u2013brain barrier-penetrating nanodrug delivery systems. NOX4 should be viewed as an important regulator and potential amplifier that can affect multiple pathogenic processes in PD, thereby representing a promising avenue for the development of DMTs for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1777627997000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Overcoming Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a Potential Therapeutic Target"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sainan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Senile Diseases Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The Emerging Evidence of the Parkinson Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","article-title":"The Parkinson Pandemic\u2014A Call to Action","volume":"75","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40181","DOI":"10.2196\/40181","article-title":"Self-management Interventions for People With Parkinson Disease: Scoping Review","volume":"24","author":"Carroll","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa262","article-title":"Diabetes medications and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cohort study of patients with diabetes","volume":"143","author":"Brauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3430","article-title":"Priorities in Parkinson\u2019s disease research","volume":"10","author":"Meissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00947-3","article-title":"The immunology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227157","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein transmission initiates Parkinson-like neurodegeneration in nontransgenic mice","volume":"338","author":"Luk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0165-9","article-title":"The interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"451","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease","volume":"14","author":"Dorsey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27414","article-title":"Targeted Therapies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Genetics to the Clinic","volume":"33","author":"Sardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51776","article-title":"LRRK2 and Parkinson\u2019s disease: From genetics to targeted therapy","volume":"10","author":"Sosero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00061-2","article-title":"Progress towards therapies for disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Vijiaratnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Elkamhawy, A., Rakhalskaya, P., Lu, Q., Nada, H., Quan, G., and Lee, K. (2024). Small Molecules in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapy: From Dopamine Pathways to New Emerging Targets. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17121688"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.266268","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Malek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20243","article-title":"Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current controversies","volume":"19","author":"Olanow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"132","author":"Bastide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01023-0","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson disease: Lessons from multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kalia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-025-00585-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress and dysregulated long noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01208-3","article-title":"The interplay of iron, oxidative stress, and \u03b1-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease progression","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00676-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014A key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential","volume":"18","author":"Henrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102077","article-title":"Ferroptosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"91","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2311571","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202311571","article-title":"Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction for the Therapy of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00378-6","article-title":"Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, A., and Ernst, C. (2022). Evidence That Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Dopaminergic Neurons Are Selectively Vulnerable to Oxidative Stress Because They Are Highly Metabolically Active. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.826193"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00774-0","article-title":"Nuclear pore and nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment in oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration: Relevance to molecular mechanisms in Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s and other related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"19","author":"Riaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2023.05.007","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis\u2014An updated review","volume":"71","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte-Jurado, A.P., Gopar-Cuevas, Y., Saucedo-Cardenas, O., Loera-Arias, M.d.J., Montes-de-Oca-Luna, R., Garcia-Garcia, A., and Rodriguez-Rocha, H. (2021). Antioxidant Therapeutics in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Current Challenges and Opportunities. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030453"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02095-6","article-title":"Redox regulation: Mechanisms, biology and therapeutic targets in diseases","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03696-4","article-title":"Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: Antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants","volume":"98","author":"Jomova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria: A nexus of cellular homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Alvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101882","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase: One enzyme for multiple physiological tasks","volume":"41","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1536","article-title":"Mechanisms of podocyte injury in diabetes: Role of cytochrome P450 and NADPH oxidases","volume":"58","author":"Eid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2008.40.4.461","article-title":"Regulation of pro-inflammatory responses by lipoxygenases via intracellular reactive oxygen species in vitro and in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c00770","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Current Inhibitors","volume":"66","author":"Cipriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1089-9","article-title":"Role of hypoxia in cancer therapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"18","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0101OC","article-title":"MicroRNA-542 Promotes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and SMAD Activity and Is Elevated in Intensive Care Unit-acquired Weakness","volume":"196","author":"Garros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: From mechanisms to therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00858-1","article-title":"NADPH oxidase family proteins: Signaling dynamics to disease management","volume":"19","author":"Begum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.390973","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"19","author":"Boonpraman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01265","article-title":"NOX4 exacerbates Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology by promoting neuronal ferroptosis and neuroinflammation","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04638-x","article-title":"miR-100a-5p-enriched exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhance the anti-oxidant effect in a Parkinson\u2019s disease model via regulation of Nox4\/ROS\/Nrf2 signaling","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2023","article-title":"NADPH oxidases: Redox regulation of cell homeostasis and disease","volume":"105","author":"Lopes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2023.0002","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"41","author":"Fiadeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102159","article-title":"The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07056-1","article-title":"Structure of human phagocyte NADPH oxidase in the activated state","volume":"627","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2005","article-title":"The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"87","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermot, A., Petit-H\u00e4rtlein, I., Smith, S.M.E., and Fieschi, F. (2021). NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060890"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102781","article-title":"Nox4 as a novel therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complications","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310268200","article-title":"Mechanism of Ca2+ activation of the NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5)","volume":"279","author":"Tirone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.414797","article-title":"Conserved Cysteine Residues Provide a Protein-Protein Interaction Surface in Dual Oxidase (DUOX) Proteins","volume":"288","author":"Meitzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13304","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.192138","article-title":"The E-loop Is Involved in Hydrogen Peroxide Formation by the NADPH Oxidase Nox4","volume":"286","author":"Takac","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): A comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2578","article-title":"NOX enzymes in the central nervous system: From signaling to disease","volume":"11","author":"Sorce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarafdar, A., and Pula, G. (2018). The Role of NADPH Oxidases and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123824"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0040","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0150-7","article-title":"NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05495","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202505495","article-title":"NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Promotes Brain Resilience by Attenuating Tauopathy and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105754","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 2 activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"170","author":"Keeney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, Z.Z., and Souayah, N. (2025). Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060696"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3960","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 1-mediated oxidative stress leads to dopamine neuron death in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthukumarasamy, I., Buel, S.M., Hurley, J.M., and Dordick, J.S. (2023). NOX2 inhibition enables retention of the circadian clock in BV2 microglia and primary macrophages. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1106515"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.015","article-title":"P2X7 receptor is critical in \u03b1-synuclein-mediated microglial NADPH oxidase activation","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.11.010","article-title":"Integrin CD11b mediates \u03b1-synuclein-induced activation of NADPH oxidase through a Rho-dependent pathway","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15606456","article-title":"Detrimental role of pericyte Nox4 in the acute phase of brain ischemia","volume":"36","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.318","article-title":"Endothelial NOX4 aggravates eNOS uncoupling by decreasing dihydrofolate reductase after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"193","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.102461","article-title":"Specific signaling by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases\u2014Role of their site of action","volume":"81","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101669","article-title":"Oxidation of HDAC4 by Nox4-derived H2O2 maintains tube formation by endothelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Schader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102698","article-title":"NOX4 as a critical effector mediating neuroinflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, specifically in astrocytes in the hippocampus in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Boonpraman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-010-8107-7","article-title":"Targeting NADPH oxidase and phospholipases A2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Simonyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311054","article-title":"Brain Perivascular Macrophages Initiate the Neurovascular Dysfunction of Alzheimer A\u03b2 Peptides","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102210","article-title":"Implication of type 4 NADPH oxidase (NOX4) in tauopathy","volume":"49","author":"Luengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101947","article-title":"NOX4 promotes ferroptosis of astrocytes by oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation via the impairment of mitochondrial metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s diseases","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01266-w","article-title":"NOX4-mediated astrocyte ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Maimaiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"659","article-title":"SOD1 mutations disrupt redox-sensitive Rac regulation of NADPH oxidase in a familial ALS model","volume":"118","author":"Harraz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603670103","article-title":"The inflammatory NADPH oxidase enzyme modulates motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203262","article-title":"The NADPH Oxidase Pathway Is Dysregulated by the P2X7 Receptor in the SOD1-G93A Microglia Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"190","author":"Apolloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.019","article-title":"TDP-43 activates microglia through NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"273","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.315564.118","article-title":"A C9orf72-CARM1 axis regulates lipid metabolism under glucose starvation-induced nutrient stress","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.02.022","article-title":"Mutation in NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3) impairs SHH signaling and increases cerebellar neural stem\/progenitor cell proliferation","volume":"1865","author":"Mazzonetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2672-20.2021","article-title":"Nox3-Derived Superoxide in Cochleae Induces Sensorineural Hearing Loss","volume":"41","author":"Mohri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46065","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403046200","article-title":"NOX3, a superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of the inner ear","volume":"279","author":"Malgrange","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousset, F., Nacher-Soler, G., Kokje, V.B.C., Sgroi, S., Coelho, M., Krause, K.H., and Senn, P. (2022). NADPH Oxidase 3 Deficiency Protects From Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.832314"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127682","article-title":"NOX5 as a therapeutic target in cerebral ischemic injury","volume":"129","author":"Carmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2026.168188","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 5 promotes adhesion and infiltration of immune cells in the brain. Implications in ischemic stroke","volume":"1872","author":"Basurco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, A., Solas, M., Pejenaute, \u00c1., Abellanas, M.A., Garcia-Lacarte, M., Aymerich, M.S., Marqu\u00e9s, J., Ram\u00edrez, M.J., and Zalba, G. (2021). Expression of Endothelial NOX5 Alters the Integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Causes Loss of Memory in Aging Mice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081311"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1405880","article-title":"PINK1-PRKN\/PARK2 pathway of mitophagy is activated to protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300758","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202300758","article-title":"Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction of Neurons by Biomimetic Targeting Nanoparticles Mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis to Boost the Therapy of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3521","article-title":"Essential role for autophagy in the maintenance of immunological memory against influenza infection","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00058.2021","article-title":"Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging","volume":"103","author":"Harrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.02.048","article-title":"ECHS1-NOX4 interaction suppresses rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production","volume":"232","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.111008","article-title":"NOX4 alleviates breast cancer cell aggressiveness by co-ordinating mitochondrial turnover through PGC1\u03b1\/Drp1 axis","volume":"115","author":"Bhadane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04827-3","article-title":"Mito-Apocynin Protects Against Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Impairment","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.123","article-title":"Physiological levels of ATP negatively regulate proteasome function","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3741","article-title":"Regulated protein turnover: Snapshots of the proteasome in action","volume":"15","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03462-y","article-title":"Microglial dynamics and neuroinflammation in prodromal and early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Seibler","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00822-1","article-title":"Functional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Patani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02723-y","article-title":"The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A double-edged sword","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnusson, A., Wu, R., and Demirel, I. (2024). Porphyromonas gingivalis triggers microglia activation and neurodegenerative processes through NOX4. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451683"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00877-5","article-title":"AIP1 suppresses neovascularization by inhibiting the NOX4-induced NLRP3\/NLRP6 imbalance in a murine corneal alkali burn model","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102477","article-title":"Ferroptosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014The iron-related degenerative disease","volume":"101","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.002","article-title":"Circadian control of BDNF-mediated Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from ferroptosis","volume":"133","author":"Ishii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03646-8","article-title":"Oxytosis\/Ferroptosis in Neurodegeneration: The Underlying Role of Master Regulator Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4)","volume":"61","author":"Dar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20210017","article-title":"Ferroptosis and NRF2: An emerging battlefield in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156209","article-title":"Avicularin inhibits ferroptosis and improves cognitive impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by modulating the NOX4\/Nrf2 axis","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c10497","article-title":"Saponins from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge Alleviated Neuronal Ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Regulating the NOX4\/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09813-X","article-title":"Involvement of phenyl radicals in iodonium inhibition of flavoenzymes","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9823481","article-title":"The Heme Component of the Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Complex Is a Target for Aryliodonium Compounds","volume":"38","author":"Doussiere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2900041","article-title":"Studies on the inhibitory mechanism of iodonium compounds with special reference to neutrophil NADPH oxidase","volume":"290","author":"Tew","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101466","article-title":"A closer look into NADPH oxidase inhibitors: Validation and insight into their mechanism of action","volume":"32","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101272","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the seven human NOX isoforms and their inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Augsburger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S316","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(08)70023-3","article-title":"NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI is neuroprotective at femtomolar concentrations through inhibition of microglia over-activation","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22479","article-title":"NADPH oxidase and aging drive microglial activation, oxidative stress, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration following systemic LPS administration","volume":"61","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7915","article-title":"The NADPH Oxidase Family and Its Inhibitors","volume":"33","author":"Chocry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100214","article-title":"Apocynin is not an inhibitor of vascular NADPH oxidases but an antioxidant","volume":"51","author":"Wind","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18032821","article-title":"Apocynin: Chemical and biophysical properties of a NADPH oxidase inhibitor","volume":"18","author":"Zeraik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101134","article-title":"Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin prevents learning and memory deficits in a mouse Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"22","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07572.x","article-title":"Inhibition of NADPH oxidase promotes alternative and anti-inflammatory microglial activation during neuroinflammation","volume":"120","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-241","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of an orally active apocynin derivative in pre-clinical models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6905","article-title":"Mito-Apocynin Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Microglial Activation, Oxidative Damage, and Progressive Neurodegeneration in MitoPark Transgenic Mice","volume":"27","author":"Langley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2014.979151","article-title":"Novel effective drugs for diabetic kidney disease? or not?","volume":"19","author":"Gentile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00028.2010","article-title":"Critical role of Nox4-based NADPH oxidase in glucose-induced oxidative stress in the kidney: Implications in type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"299","author":"Sedeek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7715","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100773e","article-title":"First in class, potent, and orally bioavailable NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4) inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Laleu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17649","article-title":"Pre-clinical evidence of a dual NADPH oxidase 1\/4 inhibitor (setanaxib) in liver, kidney and lung fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Thannickal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934478","article-title":"Inhibition of NADPH oxidase within midbrain periaqueductal gray decreases pain sensitivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease via GABAergic signaling pathway","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04615-6_8","article-title":"Nox2 and Nox4 Participate in ROS-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Brain Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00630","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.630","article-title":"Acute antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of sulforaphane in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes during inflammation and excitotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.11.046","article-title":"Nox4 Promotes Neural Stem\/Precursor Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus and Restores Memory Function Following Trimethyltin-Induced Injury","volume":"398","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12315","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705034114","article-title":"NOX4-dependent neuronal autotoxicity and BBB breakdown explain the superior sensitivity of the brain to ischemic damage","volume":"114","author":"Casas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heller, E., McGurran, L., Brown, J.K., Love, K., Hobbs, M., Kim-Han, J.S., and Han, B.H. (2025). A\u03b2(40) Improves Cerebrovascular Endothelial Function via NOX4-Dependent Hydrogen Peroxide Release. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146759"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1067697","article-title":"The novel NADPH oxidase 4 inhibitor GLX351322 counteracts glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-treated C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"49","author":"Anvari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Elksnis, A., Wikstr\u00f6m, P., Walum, E., Welsh, N., and Carlsson, P.O. (2018). The novel NADPH oxidase 4 selective inhibitor GLX7013114 counteracts human islet cell death in vitro. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204271"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70048","article-title":"l-Theanine Improves Learning and Memory Through Attenuation of NOX4-Mediated Ferroptosis in Hippocampal Neurons of Sleep-Deprived Mice","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14033","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S555165","article-title":"GLX351322-Loaded Nanoparticles Alleviate Chronic Stress-Induced Depressive Behaviors Through Inhibition of Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952348","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1952348","article-title":"GLX351322, a Novel NADPH Oxidase 4 Inhibitor, Attenuates TMJ Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting the ROS\/MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"2023","author":"Zhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115052","article-title":"Inhibition of NOX4 with GLX351322 alleviates acute ocular hypertension-induced retinal inflammation and injury by suppressing ROS mediated redox-sensitive factors activation","volume":"165","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.09.006","article-title":"miR-204-3p\/Nox4 Mediates Memory Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0515","article-title":"Topically Administered NOX4 Inhibitor, GLX7013114, Is Efficacious in Treating the Early Pathological Events of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"72","author":"Dionysopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108232","article-title":"Effect of NADPH oxidase inhibitors in an experimental retinal model of excitotoxicity","volume":"200","author":"Dionysopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiffer, T.A., Carvalho, L., Guimaraes, D., Boeder, A., Wikstr\u00f6m, P., and Carlstr\u00f6m, M. (2024). Specific NOX4 Inhibition Preserves Mitochondrial Function and Dampens Kidney Dysfunction Following Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Kidney Injury. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4663648"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107692","article-title":"A novel NADPH oxidase inhibitor targeting Nox4 in TGF\u03b2-induced lens epithelial to mesenchymal transition","volume":"185","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108751","article-title":"The potential therapeutic strategy in combating neurodegenerative diseases: Focusing on natural products","volume":"264","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, L., Li, B., Shi, J., Xu, J., and Yuan, M. (2023). Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Expanding the Therapeutic Approaches by Plant-Derived Natural Products. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020277"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"4586839","article-title":"Safflor Yellow B Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury via Downregulation of Long Noncoding AK046177 and Inhibition of MicroRNA-134 Expression in Rats","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107210","article-title":"Poncirin ameliorates oxygen glucose deprivation\/reperfusion injury in cortical neurons via inhibiting NOX4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00486C","article-title":"(-)-Epicatechin mitigates high fat diet-induced neuroinflammation and altered behavior in mice","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1346","article-title":"5,6,7,4\u2032-Tetramethoxyflavanone attenuates NADPH oxidase 1\/4 and promotes sirtuin-1 to inhibit cell stress, senescence and apoptosis in A\u00df25-35-mediated SK-N-SH dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Jumnongprakhon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Excli. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.02.017","article-title":"Isoquercetin attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after ischemia\/reperfusion injury via Nrf2-mediated inhibition of the NOX4\/ROS\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"284","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111618","article-title":"Hyperoside alleviates macrophages and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through activating PI3K\/AKT and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway post spinal cord injury","volume":"232","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154214","article-title":"Scutellarin acts on the AR-NOX axis to remediate oxidative stress injury in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"103","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666191203153447","article-title":"Ampelopsin Improves Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Effects of Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_837_19","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of diosmin, a citrus flavonoid against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity via suppression of NOX 4 and its subunits","volume":"53","author":"Peruru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1159\/000354722","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine analogue CXC195 protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in the rat by an antioxidant action via inhibition of NADPH oxidase and iNOS expression","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11181-5","article-title":"Dihydrocapsaicin Attenuates Blood Brain Barrier and Cerebral Damage in Focal Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion via Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory","volume":"7","author":"Janyou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12427","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12427","article-title":"Galantamine inhibits \u03b2-amyloid-induced cytostatic autophagy in PC12 cells through decreasing ROS production","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912173","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3912173","article-title":"Oxymatrine Ameliorates Memory Impairment in Diabetic Rats by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: Involvement of NOX2\/NOX4","volume":"2020","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"744","article-title":"Down-regulation of NOX4 by betulinic acid protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-019-0261-5","article-title":"6-O-angeloylplenolin exerts neuroprotection against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113248","article-title":"Dioscin alleviates Alzheimer\u2019s disease through regulating RAGE\/NOX4 mediated oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4352-3","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on integrity of blood-brain barrier following cerebral ischemia","volume":"233","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.001","article-title":"Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5754","article-title":"Mulberrofuran G Protects Ischemic Injury-induced Cell Death via Inhibition of NOX4-mediated ROS Generation and ER Stress","volume":"31","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527321666220324115848","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Vitexin Compound B-1 on Rat Cerebral I\/R Injury through a Mechanism Involving Modulation of miR-92b\/NOX4 Pathway","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug. Targets"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03270-6","article-title":"Methyl Ferulic Acid Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting Nox4-induced Ferroptosis in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons in Rats","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05473-5","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Restores X-irradiation-Induced Impairments in Cognitive Function and Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Suppressing the TLR4-NOX3\/4 and ROS-NF-\u03baB Pathways in Microglia","volume":"63","author":"Seong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06553-1","article-title":"Acteoside ameliorates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in MCAO rats as a natural plasma Kallikrein inhibitor from Osmanthus fragrans flower","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00510.2016","article-title":"Resveratrol defends blood-brain barrier integrity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ate\u015f, \u015e., \u00dclger, H., U\u00e7ar, S., Okan, A., Ocak, M., G\u00fcvenilir, E., \u015e\u00fckranl\u0131, Z.Y., Kaymak, E., Do\u011fanyi\u011fit, Z., and Taheri, S. (2025). Evaluation of the Effects of Thymoquinone on RAGE\/NOX4 Expressions and Brain Tissue Morphometry in Experimental Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Induced by Amyloid Beta 1-42 Peptide. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040543"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2019.1664893","article-title":"Plumbagin attenuated oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation-induced injury in human SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting NOX4-derived ROS-activated NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1636","article-title":"Plumbagin protects rat cortical neurons from mechanical trauma injury-induced apoptosis by inhibiting NOX4\/ROS\/p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00443-y","article-title":"Allicin ameliorates obesity comorbid depressive-like behaviors: Involvement of the oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, autophagy, insulin resistance and NOX\/Nrf2 imbalance in mice","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0342-z","article-title":"Allicin attenuated chronic social defeat stress induced depressive-like behaviors through suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132531","article-title":"Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity","volume":"383","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.03.021","article-title":"Nox4-dependent H2O2 production contributes to chronic glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons","volume":"316","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.086","article-title":"Extracellular hydrogen peroxide contributes to oxidative glutamate toxicity","volume":"1359","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C422","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00381.2008","article-title":"Nox4 NADPH oxidase mediates oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by TNF-alpha in cerebral vascular endothelial cells","volume":"296","author":"Basuroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140087","article-title":"Genetic silencing of Nox2 and Nox4 reveals differential roles of these NADPH oxidase homologues in the vasopressor and dipsogenic effects of brain angiotensin II","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H19","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00974.2012","article-title":"Mitochondrial-localized NADPH oxidase 4 is a source of superoxide in angiotensin II-stimulated neurons","volume":"305","author":"Case","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.04.004","article-title":"siRNA vs. shRNA: Similarities and differences","volume":"61","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0030","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0030","article-title":"Delivery of Biomimetic Liposomes via Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels Route for Targeted Therapy of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02587-1","article-title":"Microfluidics-enabled mesenchymal stem cell derived Neuron like cell membrane coated nanoparticles inhibit inflammation and apoptosis for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00146","article-title":"Biomimetic Biomembrane Encapsulation and Targeted Delivery of a Nitric Oxide Release Platform for Therapy of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01239-2","article-title":"Biomimetic nanodelivery system with simultaneous blood-brain barrier-crossing and neuroprotective abilities for anti-parkinsonian therapy","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04461-4","article-title":"FTO-targeted siRNA delivery by MSC-derived exosomes synergistically alleviates dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson\u2019s disease via m6A-dependent regulation of ATM mRNA","volume":"21","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03352-8","article-title":"Exosome-powered neuropharmaceutics: Unlocking the blood-brain barrier for next-gen therapies","volume":"23","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2409329","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409329","article-title":"Targeting the Labile Iron Pool with Engineered DFO Nanosheets to Inhibit Ferroptosis for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02924-4","article-title":"Single-atom nanozyme liposome-integrated microneedles for in situ drug delivery and anti-inflammatory therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02526-0","article-title":"Tau- and \u03b1-synuclein-targeted gold nanoparticles: Applications, opportunities, and future outlooks in the diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Cabrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, M., Kim, C.Y., Ko, K., Choi, S., Kim, J., Park, K., Yi, I.J., Nahm, S.S., Kim, K., and Kim, W. (2025). Oral Administration of Astrocyte-Targeted Natural Antioxidants Suppress NOX4-Driven Neuroinflammation and Restore Hippocampal Neurogenesis in MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mouse Model. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010055"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.02.007","article-title":"Transcriptional targeting to brain cells: Engineering cell type-specific promoter containing cassettes for enhanced transgene expression","volume":"61","author":"Boulaire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.061","article-title":"Neutrophil-like cell membrane-coated metal-organic frameworks for siRNA delivery targeting NOX4 to alleviate oxidative stress in acute ischemic injury","volume":"196","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111302","article-title":"Effects of gold nanoparticles administration through behavioral and oxidative parameters in animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"196","author":"Scussel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7461","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210406115529","article-title":"Regulatory Considerations, Challenges and Risk-based Approach in Nanomedicine Development","volume":"28","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123378","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein targeted therapy with multiple pathological improvement for Parkinson\u2019s disease by macrocyclic amphiphile nanomedicine","volume":"322","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19177","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c01068","article-title":"Inhibiting Immune Crosstalk by Modulation of the Intracellular Function and Extracellular Environment of Diseased Microglia to Boost Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01353-3","article-title":"Signaling pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Yong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, H.R., Kim, J.S., Ryu, J.H., and Cho, H.J. (2025). Investigating Neuroprotective Effects of Berberine on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Autophagy Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157342"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01698-x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of baicalein: Targeting Nrf2, and NF\u0138B in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"33","author":"Kuwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18689-x","article-title":"CLR01 protects dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in mouse models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Faggiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135633","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135633","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein antisense oligonucleotides as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15871","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05198-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides: Implication in the Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Thakur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"825","article-title":"Dual-pathway targeted therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Biomimetic nanosomes inhibit ferroptosis and pyroptosis through NLRP3 inflammasome regulation","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo2467","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo2467","article-title":"Characterization of altered molecular mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease through cell type-resolved multiomics analyses","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29708","article-title":"Transitioning from Subtyping to Precision Medicine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Purpose-Driven Approach","volume":"39","author":"Marras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106742","article-title":"Brain organoid models for studying the function of iPSC-derived microglia in neurodegeneration and brain tumours","volume":"203","author":"Hunneman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/5\/571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:46:29Z","timestamp":1777628789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/5\/571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15050571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15050571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}