{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:14:27Z","timestamp":1793146467611,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Astaxanthin (AST) is a potent carotenoid renowned for its exceptional antioxidant properties, which has attracted considerable scientific interest due to its broad spectrum of health benefits. This review comprehensively evaluates the therapeutic potential of AST in counteracting age-related decline, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction, while also examining its beneficial effects on gut and skin health. Current evidence demonstrates that AST effectively mitigates oxidative stress and supports cellular health and longevity by neutralizing free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant systems. In addition, AST modulates immune responses under conditions of immune dysfunction, thereby enhancing resilience against inflammatory disorders and infections. Emerging studies further indicate that AST promotes gut health by improving intestinal barrier integrity and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota, both of which are essential for systemic well-being. Moreover, its capacity to enhance skin elasticity and protect against ultraviolet-induced damage underscores its promising applications in cosmetic and dermatological products. This review highlights the urgent need for additional well-designed clinical trials to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms, optimal bioavailability, dosage regimens, and long-term safety of AST. By integrating findings across multiple research domains, the present work provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of AST as a promising nutraceutical for promoting health, healthy aging, and the management of chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1777860381000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Multifunctional Benefits of Astaxanthin in Aging, Oxidative Stress, Immune Dysfunction, Gut and Skin Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdallah A.","family":"Basher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory, Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nosiba S.","family":"Basher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem","family":"Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8993-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosameldeen Mohamed","family":"Husien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saber Y.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, South Darfur State, Nyala 63313, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2022.12816","article-title":"Biological and neurological activities of astaxanthin (Review)","volume":"26","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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