{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:07:50Z","timestamp":1785434870921,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS), Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S3375306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3375306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S3375306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3375306"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022c4zk48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch, commonly referred to as \u201cmeoru\u201d in Korea (crimson glory vine), is a grape species belonging to the Vitaceae family, native to East Asia. This study investigated the protective effects of a hot water extract prepared from the vine stems of V. coignetiae (CG) in a model of CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Mice received oral administration of CG (100, 200, and 400 mg\/kg) or silymarin (200 mg\/kg) once daily for 7 consecutive days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (0.5 mL\/kg). CG attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by reduced hepatic malondialdehyde production and decreased 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells. These effects were accompanied by restoration of antioxidant defense systems, including increased glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, along with increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression. Hepatic inflammatory responses were also attenuated by CG treatment, with reductions in TNF-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, and IL-6 levels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) mRNA expression. Furthermore, CG attenuated apoptotic cell death, as evidenced by decreased cleaved caspase-3-positive and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-positive cells. CG also lowered serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and \u03b3-glutamyl transferase levels, and alleviated hepatocellular degeneration in histopathological analysis. Collectively, these findings suggest that CG may exert protective effects against CCl4-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:46:18Z","timestamp":1779381978000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects of Vitis coignetiae Vine Stem Extract Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nam-Kyu","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0620-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeongjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GAPI BIO Co., Ltd., Hwaseong 18622, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8123-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hunsuk","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GAPI BIO Co., Ltd., Hwaseong 18622, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-7688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Kwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1269-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sae-Kwang","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8082","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8082","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver diseases","volume":"20","author":"Michalak","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. 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