{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T03:04:29Z","timestamp":1779678269463,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) pose a significant health burden globally, and this burden is increasing with an ageing population. Despite this challenge, restorative treatments for NDs remain elusive. In these conditions, the brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammation due to a deficiency or reduction in antioxidative enzymes. Oxidative stress and inflammation damage neuronal cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Various studies have explored the neuroprotective effects of flavonoids in different in vitro and animal models, primarily due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Crude extracts and active metabolites of Semecarpus anacardium L. have shown potential in reversing dysregulated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. S. anacardium L. extract (SAE) and its phytocomponents, such as butein, anacardic acid, and amentoflavone, have been experimentally demonstrated to modulate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through coordinated activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways and suppression of NF-\u0138B-driven inflammatory signaling. At a molecular level, flavonoids from SAE induce the expression of p38 MAPK and Nrf2, as well as antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, inflammatory genes such as NF-\u0138B, MAPK, AP-1, iNOS, and COX-2 are suppressed following treatment with SAE. NF-\u0138B inhibition leads to neuroprotection via inhibiting the function of caspase-3 and apoptosis. Overall, this review discusses the protective role of SAE and its phytocomponents in mitigating neuronal oxidative stress, inflammation, and degeneration. Furthermore, this review highlights the translational potential of SAE and its phytocomponents as complementary therapeutic candidates for neurodegenerative disorders. However, variability in extract composition and limited pharmacokinetic characterization remain key barriers to clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15060660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:32:28Z","timestamp":1779676348000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unlocking the Neuroprotective Potential of Semecarpus anacardium L.\u2014An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sureshbabu","family":"Ram Kumar Pandian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology (UniKL MESTECH), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Haripriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renganathan","family":"Seenivasagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Arts and Science, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong Woei","family":"Woei Yenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science Technology (UniKL MESTECH), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.10.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial transplant to replenish damaged mitochondria: A novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases?","volume":"177","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. 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