{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:22:40Z","timestamp":1790292160517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007414","name":"Qassim University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["QU-APC-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-APC-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wsfe280","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent intertwined global epidemics driven by gut dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, and impaired SCFA production, identifying the microbiome as a therapeutic target. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights and clinical evidence on the role of probiotics as microbiome modulators in the management of metabolic disease. A comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to May 2026 identified ~230 records using keywords such as probiotics, SCFAs, obesity, and T2DM; a narrative synthesis integrated preclinical, RCT, and meta-analytic data without formal pooling due to heterogeneity. Probiotics restore eubiosis via strain-specific mechanisms, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG enhances tight junctions (ZO-1), Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 boosts butyrate cross-feeding, and pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila remodels bile acids (FXR\/FGF19), activating G-Protein Coupled Receptor 41 (GPR41)\/43-GLP-1 signaling, Treg expansion, and NF-\u03baB suppression. Beyond immunometabolic effects, probiotics mitigate obesity- and T2DM-related oxidative stress by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, catalase, GPx), modulating Nrf2\/Keap1 signaling, and reducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative stress markers in experimental and clinical settings. Meta-analyses of RCTs reveal modest benefits: BMI reductions (~0.3 kg m\u22122), waist circumference (WC) reductions (1\u20132 cm), HbA1c reductions (0.3\u20130.4%), and improvements in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), especially with multi-strain (&gt;109 CFU day\u22121, \u226512 weeks) synbiotics. Innovative strategies\u2014synbiotics, postbiotics, AI-tailored consortia, and fermented dairy\u2014address engraftment and response variability. Current guidelines recommend 109\u20131011 CFU day\u22121 using multi-strain formulations for 12\u201324 weeks alongside lifestyle measures, with regimen selection tailored to the dysbiosis phenotype (e.g., NAFLD). Future longitudinal RCTs integrating multi-omics endpoints with AI-driven strain selection should refine\u2014and ultimately individualize\u2014precision probiotic strategies for metabolic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:43:54Z","timestamp":1780965834000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Probiotic Modulation of Gut Microbiota: Antioxidant Mechanisms and Clinical Benefits in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8358-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3700-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani A.","family":"Alfheeaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruze, R., Liu, T., Zou, X., Song, J., Chen, Y., Xu, R., Yin, X., and Xu, Q. (2023). Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Connections in Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatments. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, D., Banerjee, D., Ramprasad, P., Roy, S., Pal, D., and Dasgupta, S. (2023). Recent Insights of Obesity-Induced Gut and Adipose Tissue Dysbiosis in Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1224982"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000696","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, S., Lin, M., Chong, D., Jensen, S., and Lau, N.S. (2025). A Systematic Review on Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486793"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.10.144","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota: A Key Regulator of Metabolic Diseases","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220111","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-22-0111","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome: A Core Regulator of Metabolism","volume":"256","author":"Fujisaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad042","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Insulin Sensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Pham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Yang, K., Fan, H., Wei, M., and Xiong, Q. (2023). Targeting the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114424"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70461","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70461","article-title":"Changyanning Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier in Mice","volume":"70","author":"Ye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106949","article-title":"Digestion Characteristics of Changyanning Formula and Its Regulatory Effect on Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites During in Vitro Fermentation","volume":"187","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04846-0","article-title":"Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health","volume":"62","author":"Ramadan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05321-6","article-title":"The Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Autism: Inflammatory Mechanisms, Molecular Insights, and Emerging Microbiome-Based therapies","volume":"63","author":"Hetta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Tang, P., Wu, Y., Zhang, A., Li, D., Wang, C.-Z., Wan, J.-Y., Yao, H., and Yuan, C.-S. (2023). Probiotics Fortify Intestinal Barrier Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143548"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak-Kope\u0107, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2020). The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae499","article-title":"Exploring the Gut Microbiota: Key Insights into Its Role in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Gagnon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786361231162720","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361231162720","article-title":"The Implication of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Anachad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Insights"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.-Y., Zhou, D.-D., Gan, R.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., Zhao, C.-N., Shang, A., Xu, X.-Y., and Li, H.-B. (2021). Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093211"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178794","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2178794","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial Demonstrates Response to a Probiotic Intervention for Metabolic Syndrome That May Correspond to Diet","volume":"15","author":"Wastyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Glycemic Profile in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"64","author":"Hejazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017995","article-title":"Impact of Bacterial Probiotics on Obesity, Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Related Variables: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Koutnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623359","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2026.2623359","article-title":"Precise Probiotic Therapy: Advances, Bottlenecks, and the Road to Microbiome-Informed Nutrition","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2024.100810","article-title":"Impact of Probiotics on Weight Loss, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Overweight or Obese Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humgen.2023.201149","article-title":"Impact of Probiotics in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Clinical Trials: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Gene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zikou, E., Dovrolis, N., Dimosthenopoulos, C., Gazouli, M., and Makrilakis, K. (2023). The Effect of Probiotic Supplements on Metabolic Parameters of People with Type 2 Diabetes in Greece\u2014A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214663"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68440-1","article-title":"Probiotics Have Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"10","author":"Kocsis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01727-5","article-title":"The Relationship between Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Possible Role of Dietary Fibre","volume":"58","author":"Salamone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, H., Zhou, M., Zogona, D., Xing, Z., Wu, T., Chen, R., Cui, D., Liang, F., and Xu, X. (2024). Akkermansia muciniphila: A Potential Candidate for Ameliorating Metabolic Diseases. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1370658"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109252","article-title":"Nutritional Implications in the Mechanistic Link between the Intestinal Microbiome, Renin-Angiotensin System, and the Development of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Marinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.08.013","article-title":"Probiotic Yogurt Improves Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"28","author":"Ejtahed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana, M.D.M., Santos, S.S., Cruz, A.B.O., de Jesus, M.V.A.C., Lauria, P.S.S., Lins, M.P., and Villarreal, C.F. (2025). Probiotics as Antioxidant Strategy for Managing Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070767"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, H., Sakr, S.S., Alfheeaid, H.A., Alsaleem, K.A., Alhomaid, R.M., El-Messery, T.M., Ebeid, T.A., and Abdul-Hafeez, E.Y. (2026). Oxidative Stress\u2013Gut Microbiome Crosstalk: Intestinal Redox Imbalance and Probiotics Therapeutic Potential. Antioxidants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15050533"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419","article-title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Fmt for Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review of Clinical Efficacy and Mechanistic Readouts in Type 2 Diabetes and Related Dysglycemia","volume":"28","author":"Shalbaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabol. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Li, Z., Ze, X., Deng, C., Xu, S., and Ye, F. (2024). Multispecies Probiotics Complex Improves Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota Metabolism Status in an in Vitro Fermentation Model. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1314528"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visekruna, A., and Luu, M. (2021). The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Bile Acids in Intestinal and Liver Function, Inflammation, and Carcinogenesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.703218"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.188870","article-title":"Administration of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum Ameliorated Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caliman-Sturdza, O.A., Vaz, J.A., Lupaescu, A.V., Lobiuc, A., Bran, C., and Gheorghita, R.E. (2026). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Probiotic Strains. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021079"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Lu, Y., Xie, J., Fei, Y., Zheng, G., Wang, Z., Liu, J., Lv, L., Ling, Z., and Berglund, B. (2021). Probiotic Gastrointestinal Transit and Colonization after Oral Administration: A Long Journey. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.609722"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"78","article-title":"Modulation of Scfa-Producing Bacteria by the Combination of Intermittent Fasting and Probiotics in the Aging Gut Microbiota","volume":"2","author":"Ceylani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hendese Tek. Bil. M\u00fch. Derg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c02086","article-title":"The Impact of Diet on the Colonization of Beneficial Microbes from an Ecological Perspective","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Tom\u00e9, S., Ortega Moreno, L., Chaparro, M., and Gisbert, J.P. (2021). Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910224"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18050796","article-title":"Probiotic-Driven Competitive Exclusion in the Human Gut: A Meta-Analysis of Microbial Diversity and Pathogen Suppression","volume":"18","author":"Alshatari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03262-3","article-title":"Are Gut Dysbiosis, Barrier Disruption, and Endotoxemia Related to Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders? Overview of the Mechanisms Involved","volume":"18","author":"Viana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Mart\u00ednez-Tapia, A., Lazcano-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, B.E., and Castrej\u00f3n-Jim\u00e9nez, N.S. (2021). Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria. A Powerful Alternative as Antimicrobials, Probiotics, and Immunomodulators in Veterinary Medicine. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040979"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanov, S., Berlec, A., and \u0160trukelj, B. (2020). The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111715"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102263","article-title":"The Association between the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes Ratio and Body Mass among European Population with the Highest Proportion of Adults with Obesity: An Observational Follow-up Study from Croatia","volume":"12","author":"Renko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of Short Chain Fatty Acids by the Gut Microbiota and Their Impact on Human Metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1142","article-title":"Gpr41\/Ffar3 and Gpr43\/Ffar2 as Cosensors for Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Enteroendocrine Cells Vs Ffar3 in Enteric Neurons and Ffar2 in Enteric Leukocytes","volume":"154","author":"Pedersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate Gpr41 and Gpr43 on Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Promote Inflammatory Responses in Mice","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.153","article-title":"The Short Chain Fatty Acid Propionate Stimulates Glp-1 and Pyy Secretion Via Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 in Rodents","volume":"39","author":"Psichas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25088","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.452516","article-title":"Beneficial Metabolic Effects of a Probiotic Via Butyrate-Induced Glp-1 Hormone Secretion","volume":"288","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1938","article-title":"Gpr43 Potentiates \u0392-Cell Function in Obesity","volume":"64","author":"McNelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913","article-title":"Effects of Targeted Delivery of Propionate to the Human Colon on Appetite Regulation, Body Weight Maintenance and Adiposity in Overweight Adults","volume":"64","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S492185","article-title":"Abdominal Massage Decreases Food Intake and Body Weight in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats through Upregulating Gpr41\/Gpr43-Pyy\/Glp-1 Axis","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109914","article-title":"Composite Probiotics Alleviate Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and Inducing Glp-1 Secretion in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Liang, X., Tong, L., Lv, Y., Lu, H., Zhao, M., Gong, P., Liu, T., Yi, H., and Zhang, L.W. (2021). The Metabolite \u0392-Hydroxybutyrate of Lactobacillus plantarum Yzx21 Improves Type 2 Diabetes by Promoting Intestinal Secretion of Glp-1. Preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-850464\/v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14293","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Related Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2025.100316","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiota Restore Th17\/Treg Balance in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31366","article-title":"L Oss of Ffar 2 Promotes Colon Cancer by Epigenetic Dysregulation of Inflammation Suppressors","volume":"143","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05254-4","article-title":"Probiotic Mediated Nf-\u039ab Regulation for Prospective Management of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00716-4","article-title":"Oral Probiotics Increased the Proportion of Treg, Tfr, and Breg Cells to Inhibit the Inflammatory Response and Impede Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1479625","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gg Prevents Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Interferon-Gamma and Fecal Supernatants from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients in Human Intestinal Enteroids and Colonoids","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-P., Ba, L., Lv, X.-R., Qi, Y.-X., Wang, X., Zhang, J., and Xu, X. (2025). Protective Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gg Supernatant on Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease through Intestinal Barrier Restoration and Regulation of the Regenerating Gene 3y. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1580171"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Li, Y., Wan, Y., Hu, T., Liu, L., Yang, S., Gong, Z., Zeng, Q., Wei, Y., and Yang, W. (2019). A Novel Postbiotic from Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gg with a Beneficial Effect on Intestinal Barrier Function. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00477"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, D., Dong, Y., Jia, Z., Bian, C., Zhu, J., Wu, Y., Fang, S., and Gu, S. (2025). Bifidobacterium Breve BBr60 Improves Obesity Via the Gut Microbiota-Short-Chain Fatty Acid-IL-27\/GLP-1 Axis: Evidence from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10885-9"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Wu, Y., Gao, D., Dong, Y., Pan, Y., and Gu, S. (2024). Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Alterations in Overweight or Obese Adult Population after Weight-Loss Bifidobacterium breve Bbr60 Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.0808.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142205","article-title":"Impact of Combined Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve-Derived Postbiotic on Gut Microbiota and Hba1c in Prediabetic Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"16","author":"Beteri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaiyasut, C., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Lailerd, N., Sirilun, S., Thangaleela, S., Khongtan, S., Bharathi, M., Kesika, P., Saelee, M., and Choeisoongnern, T. (2023). Influence of Bifidobacterium breve on the Glycaemic Control, Lipid Profile and Microbiome of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050695"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiantera, V., Lagan\u00e0, A.S., Basciani, S., Nordio, M., and Bizzarri, M. (2023). A Critical Perspective on the Supplementation of Akkermansia muciniphila: Benefits and Harms. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061247"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.037.01.13","article-title":"Review of Literature on Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Possible Role in the Etiopathogenesis and Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Sanjiwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. ASEAN Fed. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in Overweight and Obese Human Volunteers: A Proof-of-Concept Exploratory Study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00635-7","article-title":"The Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila on Intestinal Barrier Function","volume":"16","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128317","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: A Key Player in Gut Microbiota-Based Disease Modulation","volume":"301","author":"Shaheen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10805-x","article-title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Akk Probio Attenuates Obesity through Gut Microbiota-Scfa-Glp-1 Axis and Potential Involvement of Ampk\/Ppar-A Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aja, E., Zeng, A., Gray, W., Connelley, K., Chaganti, A., and Jacobs, J.P. (2025). Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030562"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, H., and Aljutaily, T. (2025). Role of \u0393-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) as an Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in Diabetes Management: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030399"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasaei, N., Heidari, M., Esmaeili, F., Khosravi, S., Baeeri, M., Tabatabaei-Malazy, O., and Emamgholipour, S. (2024). The Effects of Prebiotic, Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Overweight\/Obesity Indicators: An Umbrella Review of the Trials\u2019 Meta-Analyses. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1277921"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusco, W., Lorenzo, M.B., Cintoni, M., Porcari, S., Rinninella, E., Kaitsas, F., Lener, E., Mele, M.C., Gasbarrini, A., and Collado, M.C. (2023). Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30114-4","article-title":"Human-Origin Probiotic Cocktail Increases Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production Via Modulation of Mice and Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Nagpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56071","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11267","article-title":"Butyrate Alleviates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity through Activation of Adiponectin-Mediated Pathway and Stimulation of Mitochondrial Function in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18196","article-title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Glucose Metabolism Is Linked with Increased Hypothalamic Nitric Oxide Release","volume":"9","author":"Abot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurhaluk, N., Mazur, Z., Ko\u0142odziejska, R., and Tkaczenko, H. (2026). Gut Microbiota, Diet and Lipid Metabolism in Adolescents with Nafld and Their Role in Preventive Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083511"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04069-z","article-title":"The Current Findings on the Gut-Liver Axis and the Molecular Basis of Nafld\/Nash Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis","volume":"398","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"763","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium bifidum Prevent Nafld by Regulating Fxr Expression and Gut Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Nian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848231174299","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231174299","article-title":"The Effect of Synbiotics in Patients with Nafld: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n Aguilera, X.E., Manzano, A., Pirela, D., and Berm\u00fadez, V. (2022). Probiotics and Gut Microbiota in Obesity: Myths and Realities of a New Health Revolution. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081282"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masse, K.E., and Lu, V.B. (2023). Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Secondary Bile Acids and Indoles: Gut Microbial Metabolites with Effects on Enteroendocrine Cell Function and Their Potential as Therapies for Metabolic Disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1169624"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadan, M., Amin, I.A., Ali, M.E., Abdelbary, E.R., Hetta, H.F., Alatawy, R., Alanazi, F.E., Alattar, A., Alshaman, R., and Alatawi, Y. (2026). The Gut Microbiome in Diabetic Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Distinct Bacterial Compositional Shifts after Hepatitis C Virus Eradication. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1693345"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.005","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids Are Potential Mediators in Gut Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118421","article-title":"Mechanism of Actions of Probiotics on Type 2 Diabetes: Development and Complications","volume":"191","author":"Cemali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oudat, Q., and Okour, A. (2025). The Role of Probiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health for Weight Management: A Mini Review. Acta Microbiol. Hell., 70.","DOI":"10.3390\/amh70010005"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abenavoli, L., Scarpellini, E., Colica, C., Boccuto, L., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Aiello, V., Romano, B., De Lorenzo, A., and Izzo, A.A. (2019). Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112690"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.12.010","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Supplementation in Patients with Overweight\/Obese Type 2 Diabetes: Efficacy Depends on Its Baseline Levels in the Gut","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13667","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13667","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of the Probiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on Anthropometric Indices and Body Composition in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Saadati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12626","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass and Fat Percentage in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"19","author":"Borgeraas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2409956","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites in Obesity, Nafld and T2dm","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2217\/17460875.1.2.227","article-title":"Fasting-Induced Adipose Factor\/Angiopoietin\u2013Like Protein 4: A Potential Target for Dyslipidemia?","volume":"1","author":"Zandbergen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Future Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00479-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00479-24","article-title":"Unraveling the Gut Microbiota\u2019s Role in Obesity: Key Metabolites, Microbial Species, and Therapeutic Insights","volume":"207","author":"Iqbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.02.002","article-title":"A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature That Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Newgard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, J., Yang, F.-y., and Gong, Q. (2026). Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: From Metabolic Dysregulation to Therapeutic Targets. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1643231"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00066-1","article-title":"Mechanisms and Implications of the Gut Microbial Modulation of Intestinal Metabolic Processes","volume":"3","author":"Jyoti","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.19","article-title":"Regulation of Abdominal Adiposity by Probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri Sbt2055) in Adults with Obese Tendencies in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"64","author":"Kadooka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laue, C., Papazova, E., Pannenbeckers, A., and Schrezenmeir, J. (2023). Effect of a Probiotic and a Synbiotic on Body Fat Mass, Body Weight and Traits of Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals with Abdominal Overweight: A Human, Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Clinical Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133039"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-020-00198-y","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Obesity-Related Markers Per Enterotype: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Bmi Z-Score in Obese Children Aged 6\u201312 Years: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"TPM\u2014Test. Psychom. Methodol. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad419","article-title":"Height and Growth Velocity in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Obesity Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"109","author":"Putri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Arra\u00f1o, V., and Mart\u00edn-Pel\u00e1ez, S. (2021). Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Weight Loss in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103627"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oraphruek, P., Chusak, C., Ngamukote, S., Sawaswong, V., Chanchaem, P., Payungporn, S., Suantawee, T., and Adisakwattana, S. (2023). Effect of a Multispecies Synbiotic Supplementation on Body Composition, Antioxidant Status, and Gut Microbiomes in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081863"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.775224","article-title":"The Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Some Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized Triple-Masked Controlled Trial","volume":"64","author":"Safavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.106560","article-title":"Effects of a Novel Synbiotic Intervention on Abdominal Visceral Fat Reductions and Gut Microbiota in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01135-0","article-title":"Probiotics\u2019 Effect on Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"76","author":"Porchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ovag041","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovag041","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of Probiotics Beyond Bmi: A Critical Review of Human Clinical Trials","volume":"79","author":"Athapaththu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.759","article-title":"Use of Probiotics in Preventing and Treating Excess Weight and Obesity. A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551284","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2551284","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotics on Weight Management in Patients with Severe Obesity Undergoing Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-017-0183-1","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as a Potential Target of Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00603-6","article-title":"Probiotics Supplementation and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Salles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2025.03.002","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation Contributes to Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.-P., Chen, C.-C., Hsiao, Y., Kao, C.-H., Chen, C.-C., Yang, H.-J., and Tsai, R.-Y. (2024). The Role of Lactobacillus plantarum in Reducing Obesity and Inflammation: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147608"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i30.3584","article-title":"Fanlian Huazhuo Formula Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Autophagy and Lipid Synthesis Signaling Pathway","volume":"30","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111890","article-title":"Deciphering the Anti-Obesity Mechanisms of Pharmabiotic Probiotics through Advanced Multiomics Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0166-9","article-title":"Pathophysiological Role of Host Microbiota in the Development of Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sittipo, P., Shim, J.-W., and Lee, Y.K. (2019). Microbial Metabolites Determine Host Health and the Status of Some Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215296"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0438-4","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites as Multi-Kingdom Intermediates","volume":"19","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.05.008","article-title":"Probiotics for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nut. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.01.002","article-title":"Microbiota Manipulation for Weight Change","volume":"106","author":"Dror","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"e46741","article-title":"Probiotics and Their Role in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Short-Term Versus Long-Term Effect): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ayesha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, L., Zhang, C., Shi, Q., Zhu, L., Zhao, S., Luo, Z., and Long, Y. (2024). Effect of Probiotics at Different Intervention Time on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1392306"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003675","article-title":"Strain-Specificity of Probiotics in Pediatrics: A Rapid Review of the Clinical Evidence","volume":"76","author":"Jankiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarland, L.V., Evans, C.T., and Goldstein, E.J. (2018). Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00124"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001319","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001319","article-title":"Improvements to Postprandial Glucose Control in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Double Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Novel Probiotic Formulation","volume":"8","author":"Perraudeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2025.2522463","article-title":"Efficacy of a Probiotic Combination on Glycemic Index and Insulin Resistance in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Dubey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70297","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2026.89.70297","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanistic Pathways, Microbiota-Targeted Strategies, and Clinical Implications-a Narrative Review","volume":"89","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00496.x","article-title":"Host Responses to the Human Microbiome","volume":"70","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Meng, X., Xue, Y., Mao, M., Liu, Y., Tian, X., Sui, B., Li, X., and Zhang, P. (2022). Bile Acids-Gut Microbiota Crosstalk Contributes to the Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1027212"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70080","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2025-00218","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota\u2013Insulin Resistance Axis: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"8","author":"Chaarani","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB BioAdv."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, E., Wang, J., Guo, B., and Zhang, W. (2025). Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Probiotic Metabolites on Symptom Relief and Intestinal Barrier Function in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1616066"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.29252\/ibj.23.1.68","article-title":"The Effects of Lactobacillus casei on Glycemic Response, Serum Sirtuin1 and Fetuin-a Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Khalili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900457","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900457","article-title":"Ameliorative Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei Nl41 on Insulin Sensitivity, Oxidative Stress, and Beta-Cell Function in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model","volume":"63","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20801","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04665","article-title":"Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes Using Four Strains of Lactobacillus Probiotics: Effects on Gut Microbiota Reconstitution-Mediated Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003457","article-title":"The Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Markers of Insulin Metabolism and Lipid Profiles in Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"116","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01266-3","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Fish Oil and Probiotic Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102923","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jayedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"144","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Yogurt Consumption on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"54","author":"Mirjalili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0496-9","article-title":"Effect of Synbiotic Bread Containing Lactic Acid on Glycemic Indicators, Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status and Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Ghafouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"468","article-title":"Impact of Probiotic Intake on the Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile and Inflammatory Markers among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt on Blood Glucose and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients with Type Ii Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Rezaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Care"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04306-0","article-title":"The Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Glycaemic Control among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.037","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of the Effects of Probiotics on Type 2 Diabetes in Adults","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa133","article-title":"Probiotics Contribute to Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rittiphairoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902600","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"23","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba0624","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba0624","article-title":"Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is Decreased in Celiac Disease Leading to Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Lamas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.171","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Metabolic Signalling and Insulin Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz042","article-title":"Gut Microbiome\u2013Targeted Therapies in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression","volume":"110","author":"Sharpton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"160","article-title":"Understanding Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics: A Comprehensive Review of the Newest Definitions, Selected Strains and Products","volume":"64","year":"2025","journal-title":"Post\u0119py Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Jiang, R., Fang, J., Tan, Y., Wang, Y., Li, L., and Liu, M. (2025). Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Type 2 Diabetes: A Bibliometric Analysis of Knowledge Structure, Research Hotspots, and Future Directions. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1697421"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15352","article-title":"Engineering Artificial Microbial Consortia for Personalized Gut Microbiome Modulation and Disease Treatment","volume":"1548","author":"Mkilima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1","article-title":"Engineered Probiotics Via Synthetic Biology for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Alenazy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Angiother."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.07.001","article-title":"Primary Human Colonic Mucosal Barrier Crosstalk with Super Oxygen-Sensitive Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Continuous Culture","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110055","article-title":"Enhanced Gut Microbiota Delivery of a Model Probiotic (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii): Layer-by-Layer Encapsulation Using Riboflavin-Conjugated Sodium Alginate and Glycol Chitosan","volume":"154","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644677","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2026.2644677","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Precision Interventions","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz, J., Herrera-Quintana, L., Olivares-Arancibia, J., and V\u00e1zquez-Lorente, H. (2026). Personalized Nutrition through the Gut Microbiome in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Comorbidities. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020290"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy060","article-title":"Novel Perspectives on Fermented Milks and Cardiometabolic Health with a Focus on Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"76","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 84 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Shaddick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.059030","article-title":"Dairy Products and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"98","author":"Aune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-019-0330-9","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Improves Metabolism and Gut Microbiome Composition in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003282","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-003282","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Via Metabolic Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.244","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Emerging Applications","volume":"9","author":"Borody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.538","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (Glp-1) in Biology and Pathology","volume":"21","author":"Meier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6421","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.310342","article-title":"Regulation of Adipocyte Formation by Glp-1\/Glp-1r Signaling","volume":"287","author":"Challa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadx6869","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx6869","article-title":"Engineered Probiotic Restores Glp-1 Signaling to Ameliorate Fiber-Deficiency Exacerbated Colitis","volume":"11","author":"Brockmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532703","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2532703","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms of Gut Microbiota and Plaque Vulnerability: Mechanisms and Chrono-Microbiota Modulation Interventions","volume":"17","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/fbe2.70024","article-title":"Gut-Targeted Nutraceutical Delivery: Engineering Microbiome-Responsive Nutraceutical Interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Renukadevi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650247","DOI":"10.1080\/29933935.2026.2650247","article-title":"Precision Nutrition through Diet-Gut Microbiome Interactions: Emerging Insights Driven by Artificial Intelligence, Microbiome Health Metrics, and Mechanistic Modeling","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchetti, G., De Maio, F., Abeltino, A., Serantoni, C., Riente, A., Santarelli, G., Sanguinetti, M., Delogu, G., Martinoli, R., and Barbaresi, S. (2023). Unraveling the Gut Microbiome\u2013Diet Connection: Exploring the Impact of Digital Precision and Personalized Nutrition on Microbiota Composition and Host Physiology. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183931"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3213","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3213","article-title":"Probiotics for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"36","author":"Tiderencel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa030","article-title":"Fermented Dairy Products, Probiotic Supplementation, and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Companys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, D., Ning, N., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Li, Q., Meng, Z., Liu, Y., and Li, Q. (2013). Dairy Products Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073965"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00581-2","article-title":"Microbiome Risk Profiles as Biomarkers for Inflammatory and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Metwaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Yu, C.-H., Li, X.-J., Yao, J.-M., Fang, Z.-Y., Yoon, S.-H., and Yu, W.-Y. (2022). Gut Dysbiosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.997018"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, X., Chen, M., He, B., Chen, Y., and Zheng, Y. (2025). Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1539972"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Yang, Y., Wu, J., Zhou, H., and Yang, C. (2024). Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profiles, and Inflammation in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03356-y"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iatcu, O.C., Hamamah, S., and Covasa, M. (2024). Harnessing Prebiotics to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203447"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010089","article-title":"Modulating the Gut Microbiome in Type 2 Diabetes: Nutritional and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"18","author":"Nikolaidis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020070","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Probiotics and Lifestyle Interventions on Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Clinical Outcomes in Obese Adults","volume":"15","author":"Xavier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309957","article-title":"High-Level Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Beneficially Impacts the Gut Microbiota and Associated Metabolome","volume":"65","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, P., and D\u2019Angelo, S. (2025). Gut Microbiota Modulation through Mediterranean Diet Foods: Implications for Human Health. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17060948"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hetta, H.F., Sirag, N., Elfadil, H., Salama, A., Aljadrawi, S.F., Alfaifi, A.J., Alwabisi, A.N., AbuAlhasan, B.M., Alanazi, L.S., and Aljohani, Y.A. (2025). Artificial Sweeteners: A Double-Edged Sword for Gut Microbiome. Diseases, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13040115"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893-LB","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-1893-LB","article-title":"1893-Lb: Effects of High Fibers and Probiotics Supplements Diet and Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes or Prediabetes\u2014A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122000131","article-title":"Probiotics as an Additional Therapeutic Approach in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Nejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-018-0132-z","article-title":"Specific Properties of Probiotic Strains: Relevance and Benefits for the Host","volume":"9","author":"Bubnov","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y., Sun, J., He, J., Chen, F., Chen, R., and Chen, H. (2015). Effect of Probiotics on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132121"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz049","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Predicting Response to Diet and the Development of Precision Nutrition Models. Part Ii: Results","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesiekierski, J.R., Jalanka, J., and Staudacher, H.M. (2019). Can Gut Microbiota Composition Predict Response to Dietary Treatments?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051134"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huda, M.N., Salvador, A.C., Barrington, W.T., Gacasan, C.A., D\u2019Souza, E.M., Deus Ramirez, L., Threadgill, D.W., and Bennett, B.J. (2022). Gut Microbiota and Host Genetics Modulate the Effect of Diverse Diet Patterns on Metabolic Health. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.896348"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.T., van Dijl, J.M., and Harmsen, H.J. (2014). Antioxidants Keep the Potentially Probiotic but Highly Oxygen-Sensitive Human Gut Bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Alive at Ambient Air. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096097"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2020.1871008","article-title":"A Narrative Review on Microencapsulation of Obligate Anaerobe Probiotics Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.047","article-title":"Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous Fmt","volume":"174","author":"Suez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","article-title":"Risk and Safety of Probiotics","volume":"60","author":"Doron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.872627","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Safety of Probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Didari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100574","article-title":"Regulatory Oversight and Safety of Probiotic Use","volume":"16","author":"Venugopalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029925101155","article-title":"An Updated Review on Advantages, Disadvantages and Uncertainties Associated with Probiotics","volume":"92","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"114","article-title":"The Use of Probiotics for Critically Ill Patients in Hospitals","volume":"21","author":"Yazdankhah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.16.4","article-title":"Bioengineered Probiotics as a New Hope for Health and Diseases: An Overview of Potential and Prospects","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116869","article-title":"Postbiotics Versus Probiotics: Possible New Allies for Human Health","volume":"217","author":"Calvanese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Wang, J., Liu, Z., and Gao, F. (2023). Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics or Synbiotics on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1282699"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano, R.J., and Garc\u00eda Men\u00e9ndez, G. (2026). Why Clinical Trials of Microbiome-Targeted Interventions Often Fail to Support Health Claims: A Commentary on Probiotics and Translational Design. Microorganisms, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202601.0224.v1"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.019","article-title":"Multi-Omics Reveal Microbial Determinants Impacting Responses to Biologic Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-023-00199-x","article-title":"\u2018Multi-Omics\u2019 Data Integration: Applications in Probiotics Studies","volume":"7","author":"Kwoji","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Eltriki, M., Rafiq, A., Paul, A., Prabhu, D., Afolabi, M.O.S., Baslhaw, R., Neilson, C.J., Driedger, M., Mahmud, S.M., and Lacaze-Masmonteil, T. (2024). Adaptive Designs in Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review-Part I. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02272-9"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13220","article-title":"Precision Nutrition for Gut Microbiome and Diabetes Research: Application of Nutritional N-of-1 Clinical Trials","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06378-w","article-title":"Synergy and Oxygen Adaptation for Development of Next-Generation Probiotics","volume":"620","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., Stoeva, M.K., Justice, N., Nemchek, M., Sieber, C.M.K., Tyagi, S., Gines, J., Skennerton, C.T., Souza, M., and Kolterman, O. (2022). Increased Circulating Butyrate and Ursodeoxycholate During Probiotic Intervention in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02415-8"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287073","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2287073","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Associated Predictors as Biomarkers of Response to Advanced Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Meade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19363-2","article-title":"Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acid Relationships Underlie Clinical Heterogeneity and Identify Key Microbial Targets in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Ibs)","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spacova, I., Binda, S., ter Haar, J.A., Henoud, S., Legrain-Raspaud, S., Dekker, J., Espadaler-Mazo, J., Langella, P., Mart\u00edn, R., and Pane, M. (2023). Comparing Technology and Regulatory Landscape of Probiotics as Food, Dietary Supplements and Live Biotherapeutics. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272754"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3540","article-title":"Regulatory Framework and Challenges for Live Biotherapeutic Products in Taiwan","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105130","article-title":"Commercial and Regulatory Frameworks for Postbiotics: An Industry-Oriented Scientific Perspective for Non-Viable Microbial Ingredients Conferring Beneficial Physiological Effects","volume":"163","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Group, M.T.I., and Barberio, D. (2024). Navigating Regulatory and Analytical Challenges in Live Biotherapeutic Product Development and Manufacturing. Front. Microbiomes, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1441290"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Zhang, N., Jin, Y., Chen, L., Mao, Y., Sun, L., Fang, F., Liu, Y., Han, M., and Li, G. (2023). Comprehensive Analysis of 84 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strains Uncovers Their Genetic Diversity, Functional Characteristics, and Potential Risks. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.919701"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinderola, G., Sanders, M.E., Cunningham, M., and Hill, C. (2024). Frequently Asked Questions About the Isapp Postbiotic Definition. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1324565"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinderola, G., Druart, C., Gos\u00e1lbez, L., Salminen, S., Vinot, N., and Lebeer, S. (2023). Postbiotics in the Medical Field under the Perspective of the Isapp Definition: Scientific, Regulatory, and Marketing Considerations. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1239745"},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"e06780","article-title":"Safety of Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila as a Novel Food Pursuant to Regulation (Eu) 2015\/2283","volume":"19","author":"Allergens","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8019.2003.01614.x","article-title":"Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies, the Fda, and the Nih: Definitions and Regulation","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105266","article-title":"Considerations for Determining Safety of Probiotics: A Usp Perspective","volume":"136","author":"Roe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., and Wang, Y. (2026). Recent Progress in Probiotic Encapsulation: Techniques, Characterization and Food Industry Prospects. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15030431"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.374","article-title":"Encapsulation Techniques, Action Mechanisms, and Evaluation Models of Probiotics: Recent Advances and Future Prospects","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madempudi, R.S., Ahire, J.J., Neelamraju, J., Tripathi, A., and Nanal, S. (2019). Efficacy of Ub0316, a Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225168"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/6\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:16:10Z","timestamp":1781324170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/6\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15060727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15060727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}