{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:40Z","timestamp":1787027620097,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["121049-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121049-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["121049-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121049-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009g8rq41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dioscorea batatas Decne (yam), which contains various bioactive compounds, has been utilized in the cosmetics industry, while most of the peel of D. batatas (DBP) is discarded without further use. Recent studies have shown that DBP contains higher levels of bioactive substances than the rhizome flesh. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skin biological activities of DBP extracts obtained using 70% ethanol (70% EtOH DBP), 95% ethanol (95% EtOH DBP), and ethyl acetate (EA DBP), with particular attention to their antioxidant-associated protective effects. Methods: Skin-related bioactivities of DBP extracts prepared using ultrasonic extraction were evaluated using in vitro tyrosinase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) assays, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells, ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated HaCaT viability assays, and Western blot analysis of pro-collagen type I alpha 1(Pro-COL1A1) and MMP-1 in HDF cells. In addition, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of DBP extracts and representative DBP derivatives were assessed. Results: DBP extracts inhibited tyrosinase activity in vitro and reduced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. DBP extracts also protected skin cells from UVB by increasing the viability of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. In UVB-irradiated HDF cells, DBP extracts restored Pro-COL1A1 expression and suppressed MMP-1 levels. Additionally, DBP extracts inhibited MMP-1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The DBP extracts themselves exhibited ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, with EA DBP showing the highest vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity among the tested extracts. Representative DBP-derived phenanthrene compounds also showed radical scavenging activities, supporting the antioxidant potential of peel-derived phytochemicals. Conclusions: These findings indicate that DBP extracts possess skin-whitening and anti-photoaging effects and suggest that these protective activities may be associated with the antioxidant potential of both DBP extracts and DBP derivatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15060733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1781157058000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skin-Protective Activities of Dioscorea batatas Decne Peel Extracts with Differential Phenanthrene Contents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0825-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taewon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Yen Nhi","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongyup","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioconvergence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1500-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Joo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00731-1","article-title":"Skin, the Final Frontier","volume":"224","author":"Hadgraft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.48037","article-title":"Structural and Biophysical Characteristics of Human Skin in Maintaining Proper Epidermal Barrier Function","volume":"33","author":"Boer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.021","article-title":"Basic Histological Structure and Functions of Facial Skin","volume":"32","author":"Arda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(60)80023-8","article-title":"The Ultrastructure of the Tonofibrils in the Keratinization Process of Normal Human Epidermis","volume":"4","author":"Brody","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05660","article-title":"Melanocyte Biology and Skin Pigmentation","volume":"445","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, W.-M. (2019). Skin Structure and Biology. Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527814633.ch1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.19858","article-title":"Environmental Influences on Skin Aging and Ethnic-Specific Manifestations","volume":"4","author":"Vierkotter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1462","article-title":"Mechanisms of Photoaging and Chronological Skin Aging","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930164","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/930164","article-title":"Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention","volume":"2013","author":"Pandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittayapruek, P., Meephansan, J., Prapapan, O., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2016). Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060868"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372003","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Premature Skin Aging Induced by Ultraviolet Light","volume":"337","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"61","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Photoaging and Its Prevention by Retinoic Acid: Ultraviolet Irradiation Induces MAP Kinase Signal Transduction Cascades That Induce Ap-1-Regulated Matrix Metalloproteinases That Degrade Human Skin in Vivo","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/379335a0","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Sun-Induced Premature Skin Ageing and Retinoid Antagonism","volume":"379","author":"Fisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00747.x","article-title":"UV-Induced DNA Damage Initiates Release of MMP-1 in Human Skin","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12524421","article-title":"Immunochemistry of Elastotic Material in Sun-Damaged Skin","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-017-9715-7","article-title":"Plant Extracts and Natural Compounds Used Against UVB-Induced Photoaging","volume":"18","author":"Cavinato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2012.742517","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds with Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity from Korean Yam (Dioscorea opposita)","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Das, G., Shin, H.S., and Patra, J.K. (2017). Dioscorea spp. (A Wild Edible Tuber): A Study on Its Ethnopharmacological Potential and Traditional Use by the Local People of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00052"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.03.001","article-title":"Screening of Korean Herbal Medicines Used to Improve Cognitive Function for Anti-Cholinesterase Activity","volume":"11","author":"Oh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010606m","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities of Dioscorin, the Storage Protein of Yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) Tuber","volume":"49","author":"Hou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8532","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105411","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effects of Yam (Dioscorea batatas) and Its Active Constituent, Allantoin, in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Go","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.048","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bark of Dioscorea batatas Decne through the Inhibition of INOS and COX-2 Expressions in RAW264.7 Cells via NF-KappaB and ERK1\/2 Inactivation","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Gu, M.J., Lee, J.-G., Chin, J., Bae, J.-S., and Hahn, D. (2019). Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Phenanthrenes in Dioscorea batatas Decne Peel, a Discarded Biomass from Postharvest Processing. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110541"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.12.006","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Allantoin and Allantoic Acid in Yam Tuber, Mucilage, Skin and Bulbil of the Dioscorea Species","volume":"94","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.11.041","article-title":"Determination of Steroidal Saponins in Different Organs of Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto)","volume":"108","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.004","article-title":"Protective Effects of the Crude Extracts from Yam (Dioscorea alata) Peel on Tert-butylhydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver Cells","volume":"126","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7643","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27112","article-title":"Effect of 3,6-Anhydro-l-galactose on Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone-Induced Melanogenesis in Human Melanocytes and a Skin-Equivalent Model","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00736.x","article-title":"Enhanced Melanogenesis Induced by Tyrosinase Gene-Transfer Increases Boron-Uptake and Killing Effect of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Amelanotic Melanoma","volume":"11","author":"Tsuboi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.17.1417","article-title":"Studies of Cuticle Drugs from Natural Sources. II. Inhibitory Effects of Prunus Plants on Melanin Biosynthesis","volume":"17","author":"Matsuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13057","article-title":"Distinctive Molecular Responses to Ultraviolet Radiation between Keratinocytes and Melanocytes","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.001","article-title":"Protective Effect of Polysaccharide from Sophora japonica L. Flower Buds against UVB Radiation in a Human Keratinocyte Cell Line (HaCaT Cells)","volume":"191","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2206.06037","article-title":"Development and Validation of Quantitative Analysis Method for Phenanthrenes in Peels of the Dioscorea Genus","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byeon, S., Oh, J., Lim, J.S., Lee, J.S., and Kim, J.S. (2018). Protective Effects of Dioscorea batatas Flesh and Peel Extracts against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111680"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4187","article-title":"Protective Effect of Dioscorea batatas Peel Extract Against Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x","article-title":"The Protective Role of Melanin against UV Damage in Human Skin","volume":"84","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6649rev","article-title":"Human Skin Pigmentation: Melanocytes Modulate Skin Color in Response to Stress","volume":"21","author":"Costin","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(87)90095-4","article-title":"Mammalian Tyrosinase\u2014The Critical Regulatory Control Point in Melanocyte Pigmentation","volume":"19","author":"Hearing","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-017-1082-9","article-title":"Triterpenoid Saponins from Polaskia chichipe Backbg. and Their Inhibitory or Promotional Effects on the Melanogenesis of B16 Melanoma Cells","volume":"71","author":"Fujihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250477","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Melanogenic Steroidal Saponin Glycosides from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds","volume":"77","author":"Kawabata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.6116\/kjh.2015.30.4.95.","article-title":"Inhibitory Efficacy of Dioscoreae Rhizoma on MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, Tyrosinase, PKA and ERK Expression in Melanoma Cells (B16F10)","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Herbol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.009","article-title":"Diosgenin Inhibits Melanogenesis through the Activation of Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Pathway (PI3K) Signaling","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01834.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet Irradiation Alters Transforming Growth Factor Beta\/Smad Pathway in Human Skin In Vivo","volume":"119","author":"Quan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"183","article-title":"Ethanol Extract of Dioscorea batatas Stimulates Procollagen Production and Reduces UVB-Induced MMPs Activity in Skin","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pathol. Korean Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.11.047","article-title":"Comparison of Extraction Solvents and Techniques Used for the Assay of Isoflavones from Soybean","volume":"105","author":"Luthria","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.047","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds of 112 Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants Associated with Anticancer","volume":"74","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effect of Varying Ethanol Concentrations on the Extraction Properties and Physiological Activity of Artemisia annua L.","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"681","article-title":"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Ethyl Acetate and Butyl Acetate","volume":"8","author":"Staff","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"43","article-title":"Establishment for Methanol Analytical Method in Cosmetics","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean Soc. Food Drug Cosmet. Regul. Sci. (KFDC)"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/6\/733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:20:39Z","timestamp":1781324439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/6\/733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15060733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15060733","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}