{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:25:47Z","timestamp":1783077947421,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compares the efficacy of ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) and ozonated olive oil (OOO) in terms of antioxidant properties, modulation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality, and protective effects against carboxymethyllysine (CML)-mediated stress in zebrafish embryos and adults. The spectral and electronic nose (e-nose) analyses revealed that OSO and OOO possessed markedly distinct physicochemical characteristics and volatile and olfactory constituents compared with non-ozonated sunflower (SO) and olive oil (OO). The fluorescence spectrum analysis of HDL treated with OOO and OSO exhibited a red shift (2.6~3.3 nm) in the wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF), accompanied by pronounced quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. Additionally, a significant increase in HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON) and ferric ion reduction (FRA) activity was observed in the OSO- and OOO-treated HDL. However, compared to OOO, significantly higher PON and FRA activities were observed in HDL treated with OSO. Also, compared to OOO, OSO effectively reverses CML-induced oxidative stress, altered heart rate, and reduced embryo survival. Similarly, in adult zebrafish, CML-compromised survival, swimming impairment, and disturbed antioxidant parameters were prevented by treatment with OOO and OSO. Nonetheless, OSO showed significantly higher efficacy than OOO. Consistently, OSO substantially reduced the CML-elevated blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Notably, no significant effect of OOO was observed on the reduction in and augmentation of LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively. Both OOO and OSO significantly protect against CML-triggered liver and kidney damage. However, compared with OOO, OSO significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration, interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, liver steatosis, ROS generation, and cellular senescence in the kidneys. The study concludes that OSO exerts significantly higher beneficial effects than OOO on HDL functionality and antioxidant defense, thereby attenuating CML-induced inflammatory and oxidative damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15070840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of HDL-Associated Antioxidant Activities and Anti-Inflammatory Effect Between Ozonated Sunflower Oil (OSO) and Ozonated Olive Oil (OOO) Under Carboxymethyllysine-Induced Acute Phase in Zebrafish Adults and Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krismala","family":"Djayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Bahuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hee","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel HDL Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Mauro, R., Cantarella, G., Bernardini, R., Di Rosa, M., Barbagallo, I., Distefano, A., Longhitano, L., Vicario, N., Nicolosi, D., and Lazzarino, G. (2019). The biochemical and pharmacological properties of ozone: The smell of protection in acute and chronic diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030634"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14060","article-title":"Ozone therapy for skin diseases: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, A.K., Guzel-Seydim, Z., and Seydim, A.C. (2012). Chemical and Physical Properties of Ozone in Ozone in Food Processing, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118307472.ch3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clavo, B., Rodr\u00edguez-Esparrag\u00f3n, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Abreu, D., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, G., Llontop, P., Aguiar-Bujanda, D., Fern\u00e1ndezP\u00e9rez, L., and Santana-Rodr\u00edguez, N. (2019). Modulation of oxidative stress by ozone therapy in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced toxicity: Review and prospects. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120588"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galie, M., Covi, V., Tabaracci, G., and Malatesta, M. (2019). The role of Nrf2 in the antioxidant cellular response to medical ozone exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20164009"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.08.029","article-title":"Is ozone pre-conditioning effect linked to Nrf2\/EpRE activation pathway in vivo? A preliminary result","volume":"742","author":"Re","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00201-T","article-title":"Decrease of blood cholesterol and stimulation of antioxidative response in cardiopathy patients treated with endovenous ozone therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Al Faraj, I. (2022). Ozonetherapy in hypertension and ischemic diseases. MedEspera: The 9th International Medical Congress for Students and Young Doctors, 12\u201314 May 2022, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova, Association of Medical Students and Residents."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Tall\u00f3n, F.J., Torres-Morera, L.M., Baeza-Noci, J., Carrillo-Izquierdo, M.D., and Pinto-Bonilla, R. (2022). Updated review on ozone therapy in pain medicine. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.840623"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"313","article-title":"Ozonized vegetable oils and therapeutic properties: A review","volume":"4","author":"Beatriz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orbital Electron. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532006000200026","article-title":"Comparative study of ozonized olive oil and ozonized sunflower oil","volume":"17","author":"Vidal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2015.01.004","article-title":"Ozonation of sunflower oils: Impact of experimental conditions on the composition and the antibacterial activity of ozonized oils","volume":"186","author":"Moureu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugazio, E., Tullio, V., Binello, A., Tagliapietra, S., and Dosio, F. (2020). Ozonated oils as antimicrobial systems in topical applications. Their characterization, current applications, and advances in improved delivery techniques. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020334"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"65873","article-title":"Antioxidant mechanism is involved in the gastroprotective effects of ozonized sunflower oil in ethanol induced ulcers in rats","volume":"2007","author":"Guanche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2310.10037","article-title":"Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) alleviates inflammatory responses in oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like mice and LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kang, D.-J., Nam, H.-S., Kim, J.-H., Kim, S.-Y., Lee, J.-O., and Kim, B.-J. (2021). Ozonated sunflower oil exerted protective effect for embryo and cell survival via potent reduction power and antioxidant activity in HDL with strong antimicrobial activity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020209"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02726-z","article-title":"Effects of topical ozonated olive oil on lipid profile, quality of life, wound healing and glycemic control in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Vahedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21377","article-title":"ozonated olive ail alleviates hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker (fa\/fa) rats","volume":"71","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess23193","article-title":"Ozonated olive oil intake attenuates hepatic steatosis in obese db\/db mice","volume":"73","author":"Kato","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60434","article-title":"Hooked! modeling human disease in zebrafish","volume":"122","author":"Santoriello","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.09.004","article-title":"Zebrafish models of dyslipidemia: Relevance to atherosclerosis and angiogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2021.10.1.42","article-title":"Zebrafish as an emerging model for dyslipidemia and associated diseases","volume":"10","author":"Ka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.11.011","article-title":"Immunology and zebrafish: Spawning new models of human disease","volume":"32","author":"Meeker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14557","article-title":"Effectiveness of zebrafish models in understanding human diseases-A review of models","volume":"9","author":"Adhish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103182","article-title":"The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum","volume":"34","author":"Havel","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021108","article-title":"Enhanced qualities of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) with antioxidant abilities are associated with lower susceptibility of hypertension in middle-aged Korean participants: Impaired HDL quality and hypertension risk","volume":"27","author":"Cho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710130","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory activity of CIGB-258 against acute toxicity of carboxymethyllysine in paralyzed zebrafish via enhancement of high-density lipoproteins stability and functionality","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e63240","article-title":"Assessment of swim endurance and swim behavior in adult zebrafish","volume":"177","author":"Burris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"OECD (2019). Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Testing. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Lee, Y., Lee, S.H., Bahuguna, A., Dom\u00ednguez-Horta, M.d.C., and Mart\u00ednez-Donato, G. (2026). CIGB-258, a potential novel approach to treat sepsis-like hyperinflammation, reduces gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in zebrafish exposed to carboxymethyllysine and ethanol. Pharmaceuticals, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030510"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fischer, A.H., Jacobson, K.A., Rose, J., and Zeller, R. (2006). Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. Basic Methods in Microscopy, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Tesla, N. (1896). Apparatus for Producing Ozone. (588,177), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"215","article-title":"Genetic possibilities for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils","volume":"86","author":"Sakac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sunflower oil: Efficient oil source for human consumption","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emergent Life Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzimierska-Ka\u017amierczak, M., \u015amigielski, K., Sikora, M., Nowak, A., Pluci\u0144ska, A., Kunicka-Styczy\u0144ska, A., and Czarnecka-Chrebelska, K.H. (2021). Olive Oil with Ozone-Modified Properties and Its Application. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113074"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slavinskien\u0117, G., Grigonis, A., Iva\u0161kien\u0117, M., Sinkevi\u010dien\u0117, I., Andrulevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, V., Ivanauskas, L., Juod\u017eent\u0117, D., Ramanauskien\u0117, K., and Daunoras, G. (2024). A Comparative study of the chemical properties and antibacterial activity of four different ozonated oils for veterinary purposes. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11040161"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109260","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of interactions between \u03b2-Lactoglobulin and hexanal\u2014An off flavour compound","volume":"146","author":"Ince","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liccardo, M., Sapio, L., Perrella, S., Sirangelo, I., and Iannuzzi, C. (2024). Genistein prevents apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by methylglyoxal in endothelial cells. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081712"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Hu, A., Lu, J., Lin, Y., Li, X., Yamaguchi, T., Tabuchi, M., Kawakami, Z., Ikarashi, Y., and Kobayashi, H. (2025). Protective effects of Centella asiatica against senescence and spoptosis in epidermal cells. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020202"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordo, R., Nasrallah, G.K., Al-Jamal, O., Paliogiannis, P., and Pintus, G. (2020). Resveratrol inhibits oxidative stress and prevents mitochondrial damage induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113838"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicio, A., F\u00e9lix, L.M., Monteiro, S.M., Bruno, M., Zizzo, M.G., and Serio, R. (2026). Toxicological assessment and potential protective effects of Brassica macrocarpa Guss leaf extract against copper sulphate-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. Nutraceuticals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals6010003"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curr\u00f2, M., Russo, T., Ferlazzo, N., Caccamo, D., Antonuccio, P., Arena, S., Parisi, S., Perrone, P., Ientile, R., and Romeo, C. (2018). Anti-Inflammatory and tissue regenerative effects of topical treatment with ozonated olive Oil\/vitamin E acetate in balanitis xerotica obliterans. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030645"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0050","article-title":"Effects of topical treatment of foot rot in sheep using ozonated olive ointment","volume":"65","author":"Szponder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087044","article-title":"CIGB-258 exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity against carboxymethyllysine-induced acute inflammation in hyperlipidemic zebrafish via the protection of apolipoprotein AI","volume":"24","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2014.06.003","article-title":"Effect of N\u03b5-carboxymethyllysine on oxidative stress and the glutathione system in beta cells","volume":"1","author":"Boesten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.05.003","article-title":"A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5603\/AHP.2021.0009","article-title":"Ferric reducing ability of plasma: A potential oxidative stress marker in stored plasma","volume":"52","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Haematol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00338-4","article-title":"Plasma protein-bound sulfhydryl group oxidation in humans following a full marathon race","volume":"59","author":"Inayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"32","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products, total thiol levels and total oxidant\/antioxidant status in patients with nash","volume":"25","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"967205","article-title":"Alleviation of antioxidant defense system by ozonized olive oil in DNBS-induced colitis in rats","volume":"2014","author":"Bayoumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of red beetroot extract and ozonated olive oil on wound healing in rats","volume":"33","author":"Aktas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17543","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c11263","article-title":"Ozonated sunflower oil stimulates the local antioxidant system and helps meglumine antimoniate to ameliorate cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions","volume":"10","author":"Cabral","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., Lee, M.-S., and Bahuguna, A. (2024). Oral supplementation of ozonated sunflower oil augments plasma antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory abilities with enhancement of high-density lipoproteins functionality in rats. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050529"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.02.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"148","author":"Rani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vekic, J., Stromsenes, K., Mazzalai, S., Zeljkovic, A., Rizzo, M., and Gambini, J. (2023). Oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112897"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., Bahuguna, A., and Kang, D.-J. (2023). Long-term supplementation of ozonated sunflower oil improves dyslipidemia and hepatic inflammation in hyperlipidemic zebrafish: Suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation against carboxymethyllysine toxicity. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1028.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.07.028","article-title":"Endogenous formation of N\u03b5-(carboxymethyl) lysine is increased in fatty livers and induces inflammatory markers in an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis","volume":"56","author":"Gaens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Han, F., and Guo, P. (2025). Reactive Oxygen Species as key molecules in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Future perspectives. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060464"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.06.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced liver damage and remodeling of the liver vasculature","volume":"193","author":"Banerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnappan, R., Mir, T.A., Alsalameh, S., Makhzoum, T., Adeeb, S., Al-Kattan, K., and Yaqinuddin, A. (2023). Aptasensors are conjectured as promising ALT and AST diagnostic tools for the early diagnosis of acute liver injury. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13061273"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovic, B., Jovanovic, I., Dimitrijevic Stojanovic, M., Stojanovic, B.S., Kovacevic, V., Radosavljevic, I., Jovanovic, D., Miletic Kovacevic, M., Zornic, N., and Arsic, A.A. (2025). Oxidative stress-driven cellular senescence: Mechanistic crosstalk and therapeutic horizons. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080987"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061250","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence: Is labile iron the connecting kink?","volume":"12","author":"Nousis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33044-1","article-title":"Measurement of protein thiol groups and glutathione in plasma","volume":"233","author":"Hu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102211","article-title":"Serum free sulfhydryl status associates with new-onset chronic kidney disease in the general population","volume":"48","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/7\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1783076617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/7\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15070840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15070840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}