{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:14:58Z","timestamp":1783401298587,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","award":["2021\u2013060\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u2013060\/15"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","award":["2022\u2013533\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u2013533\/02"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","award":["5 \u00d7 1000\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 \u00d7 1000\u20132020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PNC-E3-2022-23683266\u2013CUP: C43C22001630001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC-E3-2022-23683266\u2013CUP: C43C22001630001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in liver machine perfusion (MP), ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a major challenge in liver transplantation, with energetic stress and mitochondrial dysfunction recognized as key drivers of damage exacerbation. We investigated whether fractions enriched with extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells can preserve energetic homeostasis in rat livers undergoing normothermic MP (NMP). An established NMP rat model was used (n = 5 per group). After procurement, livers underwent NMP for 4 h, preceded or not by 30 min cold ischemia (CI). EVs (NMP + EVs and CI + NMP + EVs) or saline (NMP and CI + NMP) were randomly administered to the perfusion fluid. Perfusate samples were collected throughout the procedure, and biopsies were taken at the end of NMP. Ischemic livers exhibited succinate accumulation, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) release, activation of reverse electron transport, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. EV treatment effectively counteracted these effects, restoring a metabolic profile comparable to that of non-ischemic livers. Moreover, EVs improved adenosine monophosphate\/ATP ratios and prevented AMP-activated protein kinase activation, a key energy-stress sensor. Furthermore, EVs reduced oxidative stress markers, cell death mediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating a broad cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect. These findings support the potential of EVs to preserve mitochondrial function, restore energy balance, and reduce inflammation, thereby improving liver cell viability during NMP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15070843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Ischemia-Induced Energetic Dysfunction During Ex Situ Perfusion of Rat Livers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Lonati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preclinical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Battistin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preclinical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Ripolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Fonsato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2i3t Incubatore per le Imprese, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Brossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Camussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Eliseo","family":"Dondossola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preclinical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.32.20180087","article-title":"Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplant setting: Mechanisms and protective strategies","volume":"33","author":"Rampes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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