{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:06:41Z","timestamp":1783998401012,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"iCOOP Natural Dream Company","award":["202507040001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202507040001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, effective adjunct strategies against this disease are needed. This study evaluated an extract prepared from organically cultivated Capsicum annuum treated with deep-seawater-derived ion minerals during cultivation (ODSW-CE) in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells and LLC1 tumor-bearing mice. Targeted HPLC-DAD analysis identified and quantified lutein and \u03b2-carotene as representative carotenoids. ODSW-CE reduced MTT-derived cell viability and colony-forming ability in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In tumor-bearing mice, ODSW-CE was associated with lower hematological inflammatory indices, reduced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 levels in plasma and lung tissue, and attenuated histopathological alterations in tumor and lung tissues. These changes were accompanied by reduced expression of proteins associated with TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling. ODSW-CE also modulated survival and apoptosis-related proteins, decreasing PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR expression, increasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and decreasing Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, in tumor tissue, Keap1 expression increased, whereas Nrf2, xCT, and GPX4 expression decreased. Overall, ODSW-CE suppressed LLC1 tumor growth and was associated with coordinated modulation of tumor-associated inflammatory signaling, survival pathways, apoptosis-related proteins, and redox defense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15070871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:34:44Z","timestamp":1783996484000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capsicum annuum Regulates Tumor Growth Through Modulation of TLR4\/PI3K Signaling in a Lewis Lung Carcinoma Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Hyeon","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Mi","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa Rang","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Eun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hee","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do-Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Seok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Research Center for Carbon Neutral and Healing, Gurye 57607, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Jin","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35278","article-title":"The GLOBOCAN 2022 Cancer Estimates: Data Sources, Methods, and a Snapshot of the Cancer Burden Worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Filho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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