{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:11:38Z","timestamp":1785172298006,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urtica dioica L. (stinging nettle) is a perennial herb with a long ethnomedicinal history and diverse pharmacological potential. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on its phytochemistry, extraction technologies, bioactivities, and molecular mechanisms. However, recent reviews have generally addressed these aspects separately, and an integrated assessment linking green extraction technologies and phytochemical profiles to molecular mechanisms and gene expression modulation is still lacking. U. dioica contains abundant polyphenols (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid), sterols (\u03b2-sitosterol and stigmasterol), vitamins, carotenoids, and the antiviral lectin Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). Advances in green extraction technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based systems, have significantly improved yield, purity, and environmental sustainability compared to conventional maceration and Soxhlet methods. Comprehensive chromatographic and spectroscopic profiling (HPLC, GC\u2013MS, FTIR, NMR, and LC\u2013MS\/MS) has established detailed chemical fingerprints linking bioactive constituents to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. Mechanistic studies reveal that U. dioica exerts its therapeutic effects through modulation of oxidative stress, inhibition of the NF-\u03baB and COX-2 pathways, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and regulation of apoptotic gene expression. Moreover, NADES\u2013MAE extracts demonstrate potential as sustainable, high-efficacy formulations for nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. Despite extensive preclinical evidence, clinical standardization and dosage optimization remain major challenges. This review underscores U. dioica as a multifunctional medicinal plant with significant promise for next-generation phytotherapeutics and molecular nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urtica dioica L. Phytochemistry, Green Extraction Techniques, Molecular Mechanisms, and Gene Expression Modulation: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Noor","family":"Alriyahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar Badran","family":"Ramddan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawfal","family":"Alhelfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhang Hameed","family":"Awlqadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51369, Iran"},{"name":"Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghalia","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0470-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09717","article-title":"Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A review","volume":"8","author":"Bhusal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024331","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4024331","article-title":"Urtica dioica-derived phytochemicals for pharmacological and therapeutic applications","volume":"2022","author":"Taheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2023.2272283","article-title":"Effects of algerian nettle (Urtica dioica L.) on benign prostatic hyperplasia and their mechanism of action elucidation: In vivo and in silico approaches","volume":"38","author":"Bougueroua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Product Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martz, F., and Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4, S. (2025). Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) Roots: The Power Underground\u2014A Review. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14020279"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.4c00973","article-title":"Application of deep eutectic solvents with modern extraction techniques for the recovery of natural products: A review","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidi\u0107, M., Gruji\u0107-Leti\u0107, N., Teofilovi\u0107, B., and Gligori\u0107, E. (2025). Towards a green and sustainable valorization of Salix amplexicaulis: Integrating natural deep eutectic solvents and microwave-assisted extraction for enhanced recovery of phenolic compounds. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146347"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafeh, P., Nafeh, G., Younes, M., Chaaban, A., El Bitar, L., Ibrahim, J.-N., Kobeissy, P.H., and Rizk, S. (2025). Urtica dioica leaf infusion enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05053-z"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-023-00380-5","article-title":"The medicinal chemistry of Urtica dioica L.: From preliminary evidence to clinical studies supporting its neuroprotective activity","volume":"13","author":"Semwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.18579\/jopcr\/v24.i3.49","article-title":"Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Urtica dioica: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"24","author":"Papang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102607","article-title":"Nettle (Urtica dioica) leaves as a novel food: Nutritional, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities","volume":"28","author":"Sahal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1458-1465","article-title":"Can Urtica dioica supplementation attenuate mercury intoxication in Wistar rats?","volume":"8","author":"Siouda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0054.6603","article-title":"Urtica dioica: A comprehensive review on bioactive compounds, health benefits and utilization","volume":"70","author":"Thakura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Herba Pol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"119","article-title":"Optimization of the extraction of antioxidants from stinging nettle leaf using response surface methodology","volume":"41","author":"Ivanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2024.100935","article-title":"Pharmacological applications of Urtica dioica: A comprehensive review of its traditional use and modern scientific evidence","volume":"48","author":"Alimoddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09855-6","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Urtica dioica using solvent-based process optimization and characterization","volume":"15","author":"Sahal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.55940\/medphar2025121","article-title":"Urtica dioica L.: A Comprehensive Review of its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Properties","volume":"4","author":"Moustaine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.097","article-title":"Quantitative determination of plant phenolics in Urtica dioica extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection","volume":"143","author":"Bekvalac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083803666170502120028","article-title":"A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological effects of stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)","volume":"3","author":"Semalty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1575(02)00172-2","article-title":"Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)","volume":"16","author":"Isasa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.054","article-title":"Evaluation of trace metal concentrations in some herbs and herbal teas by principal component analysis","volume":"114","author":"Kara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavroeidis, A., Stavropoulos, P., Roussis, I., Karydogianni, S., Papadopoulos, G., Kallergi, S., Kakabouki, I., Pachi, V., Triantafyllidis, V., and Mazarakioti, E.C. (2025). Effect of Fertilization and Plant Density on the Nutritional Value of Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Seeds, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/seeds4040063"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03938","article-title":"Effect of drying methods on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of underutilized stinging nettle leaves","volume":"6","author":"Shonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.113892","article-title":"Urtica dioica L. leaf chemical composition: A never-ending disclosure by means of HR-MS\/MS techniques","volume":"195","author":"Piccolella","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakhli, N., L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, A., C\u00e1rdenas, C., Hraoui, M., Dhaouafi, J., Bernal, M., Sebai, H., and Medina, M.\u00c1. (2025). Urtica dioica aqueous leaf extract: Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of biological activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031220"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik-Borowska, K., W\u00f3jciak, W., \u017buk, M., Luchowski, P., Skalska-Kami\u0144ska, A., Pacu\u0142a, W., Sowa, I., and W\u00f3jciak, M. (2025). Oxidative stress protection and anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolic fraction from Urtica dioica: In vitro study using human skin cells. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122515"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-024-02675-8","article-title":"Evaluation of the solvent effect on the extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from the nettle (Urtica dioica L.) seeds: Application of PCA and regression analyses","volume":"18","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103475","article-title":"Optimizing extraction techniques for enhanced polyphenol yield from Rheum emodi and Urtica dioica: Comparative analysis of solvent systems and methods","volume":"63","author":"Naqash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mestour, S., Meniai, A.-H., and Melloul, S. (2025, January 2\u20134). Extraction and Analysis of Urtica dioica Essential Oils: Biological Approaches and Techniques. Proceedings of the 2025 15th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IREC64614.2025.10926805"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2244194","article-title":"Optimized conditions for extraction, quantification and detection of bioactive compound from Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) using the deep eutectic solvents, ultra-sonication and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS\/MS)","volume":"26","author":"Koraqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Repaji\u0107, M., Cegledi, E., Kruk, V., Pedisi\u0107, S., \u00c7\u0131nar, F., Bursa\u0107 Kova\u010devi\u0107, D., \u017duti\u0107, I., and Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V. (2020). Accelerated solvent extraction as a green tool for the recovery of polyphenols and pigments from wild Nettle leaves. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8070803"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez, M., Caz\u00f3n, P., and V\u00e1zquez, M. (2022). Antioxidant extracts of nettle (Urtica dioica) leaves: Evaluation of extraction techniques and solvents. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186015"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"507","article-title":"Techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Lebanese Urtica dioica","volume":"1","author":"Bandar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phytomed. Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muceniece, R., Revina, B.L., Kviesis, J., Jansons, A., Kopiks, K., Jekabsons, K., Saleniece, K., Namniece, J., Grigale-Sorocina, Z., and Jansone, B. (2025). Nettle Leaf Water Extracts for Hepatoprotection: Insights into Bioactivity and Mitochondrial Function. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14070992"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"363","article-title":"\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043do\u043bo\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043fo\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043do\u0433o \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043ao\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440o\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043do\u0433o \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043do\u0433o \u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u044f, \u0441o\u0441\u0442o\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433o \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 Urtica dioica, melissa officinalis \u0438 leonurus cardiaca","volume":"1","year":"2025","journal-title":"\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043do\u0433o \u0421\u044b\u0440\u044c\u044f"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2022.0165","article-title":"Supplementation of Rooster Semen Extender with Aqueous Extract of Urtica dioica for a Long Time Preservation by Low Temperature","volume":"23","author":"Naderi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biopreservation Biobank."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-09980-6","article-title":"Comprehensive review of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"24","author":"Parente","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirr, S., and Karslioglu, \u00d6.\u00d6. (2024). Impact of various extraction technologies on protein and chlorophyll yield from stinging nettle. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13203318"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janicka, P., Maksimowski, D., Chwirot, A., Oziemb\u0142owski, M., Michalczyk, K., Nawirska-Olsza\u0144ska, A., Por\u0119ba, P., Baluta, S., Kaczmar, E., and Stygar, D. (2025). Antioxidant and Antiviral Potential of Cold-Brewed and Cold-Concentrated Plant Extracts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199617"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.02.019","article-title":"Chemical composition of stinging nettle leaves obtained by different analytical approaches","volume":"32","author":"Popov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129059","article-title":"Sono-Microwave Assisted Chlorine free and Ionic Liquid (SMACIL) extraction of cellulose from Urtica dioica: A benign to green approach","volume":"259","author":"Naseem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3311\/PPch.7582","article-title":"Comparison the soxhlet and supercritical fluid extraction of nettle root (Urtica dioica L.)","volume":"59","author":"Vatai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4058","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12373","article-title":"Sterols and pentacyclic triterpenoids from nettle root: Content and composition as affected by pressurized liquid extraction","volume":"103","author":"Cegledi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elez Garofuli\u0107, I., Malin, V., Repaji\u0107, M., Zori\u0107, Z., Pedisi\u0107, S., Sterni\u0161a, M., Smole Mo\u017eina, S., and Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V. (2021). Phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of nettle leaves extracts obtained by advanced extraction techniques. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206153"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e61146","article-title":"Optimization of extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from Kurdistan species Urtica dioica","volume":"16","author":"Haido","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, G., Pankiewicz, U., and Kowalski, R. (2020). Evaluation of chemical composition of some Silphium L. species as alternative raw materials. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10040132"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devkota, H.P., Paudel, K.R., Khanal, S., Baral, A., Panth, N., Adhikari-Devkota, A., Jha, N.K., Das, N., Singh, S.K., and Chellappan, D.K. (2022). Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and food functional properties. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165219"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarasevi\u010dien\u0117, \u017d., Vitkauskait\u0117, M., Paulauskien\u0117, A., and \u010cerniauskien\u0117, J. (2023). Wild Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) leaves and roots chemical composition and phenols extraction. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12020309"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhardt, L., P\u00f6hnl, T., and Neugart, S. (2022). Edible wild vegetables Urtica dioica L. and Aegopodium podagraria L.\u2013antioxidants affected by processing. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11202710"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2018-0122","article-title":"Analysis of the GC-MS of volatile compounds and the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities of some Bulgarian medicinal plants","volume":"74","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"24","article-title":"Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Roots, Stem, and Leaves Extracts of Uritica Dioica","volume":"3","author":"Niaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytopharm. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koczkodaj, S., Przyby\u0142, J.L., Kosakowska, O., W\u0119glarz, Z., and B\u0105czek, K.B. (2023). Intraspecific Variability of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031505"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeszka-Skowron, M., Zgo\u0142a-Grze\u015bkowiak, A., Frankowski, R., Grze\u015bkowiak, T., and Jeszka, A.M. (2022). Variation in the content of bioactive compounds in infusions prepared from different parts of wild polish stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134242"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083810666230912150053","article-title":"Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): A Comprehensive & Concise Review on Its Nutritional Profile and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"10","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.11.031","article-title":"Effects of Urtica dioica L. seed on lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and liver pathology in aflatoxin-induced tissue injury in rats","volume":"47","author":"Yener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2174\/2210290601203010038","article-title":"Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anthelmintic activities of methanol extract of Urtica dioica L. leaves","volume":"3","author":"Kataki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Crops"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.037","article-title":"Urtica dioica L. leaf extract modulates blood pressure and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"46","author":"Vajic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1528","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts derived from Urtica dioica leaves and roots","volume":"38","author":"Fayza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaiswal, V., and Lee, H.-J. (2022). Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica: An important property contributing to multiple biological activities. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122494"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509383","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/509383","article-title":"Botanical extracts from Rosehip (Rosa canina), Willow Bark (Rosa canina), and Nettle Leaf (Urtica dioica) suppress IL-1\u03b2-induced NF-\u03baB activation in canine articular chondrocytes","volume":"2012","author":"Shakibaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201023666220829104541","article-title":"Phytochemical composition of Urtica dioica essential oil with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"26","author":"Chira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2011.0028","article-title":"The effect of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) seed oil on experimental colitis in rats","volume":"14","author":"Genc","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.107081","article-title":"Comparative study of different stinging nettle preparations regarding to their immunomodulating effect on primary human T-lymphocytes","volume":"189","author":"Wilmers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Mm, G., Tanwar, M., Ninave, P., Navghare, V., Takawale, A., Zope, V., and Deshpande, A. (2008). Hepatoprotective Activity Of Aqueous And Ethanolic Extract Of Trichosanthes Dioica Roxb. Ferrous Sulphate-Induced Liver Injury, Societ\u00e0 Italo-Latinoamericana di Farmacognosia."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"543","article-title":"A review of the effects of Urtica dioica (Nettle) in metabolic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Samakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres25.2328_13.6.1692","article-title":"A review of the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities of medicinal plants","volume":"13","author":"Rubiyanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.34172\/ajcmi.3591","article-title":"Investigation of Antibacterial Properties and Healing Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Nettle Extract for Treating Burn Infections in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Kazemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.103034","article-title":"Enhanced preservation of green tiger shrimps (Fenneropenaeus semisulcatus) using polylactic acid films with nettle-extract-based silver nanoparticles: A study of photo-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted synthesis methods","volume":"31","author":"Mahmodabad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100432","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202100432","article-title":"Green and ecofriendly biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) leaf extract: Antimicrobial and anticancer activity","volume":"17","author":"Hashem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14232\/analecta.2017.2.10-15","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.)","volume":"11","author":"Kocsis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analecta Tech. Szeged."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"953","article-title":"Determination of antibacterial activities of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) ethanol extract at different bacterial concentrations","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bitlis Eren \u00dcniv. Fen. Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v11i5.6","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of Sambucus ebulus and Urtica dioica against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"11","author":"Salehzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110137","article-title":"MLST genotypes and quinolone resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources in Turkey","volume":"391","author":"Aydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110urovi\u0107, S., Koji\u0107, I., Radi\u0107, D., Smyatskaya, Y.A., Bazarnova, J.G., Filip, S., and Tosti, T. (2024). Chemical constituents of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A comprehensive review on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and their bioactivity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063430"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkelish, A., Abu-Elsaoud, A.M., Alqahtani, A.M., El-Nablaway, M., Al Harthi, N., Al Harthi, N., Lakoh, S., Saied, E.M., and Labib, M. (2024). Unlocking the pharmacological potential of Brennnesselwurzel (Urtica dioica L.): An in-depth study on multifaceted biological activities. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04709-6"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00220-4","article-title":"Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused Islets of Langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats","volume":"89","author":"Farzami","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(03)00182-5","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica","volume":"74","author":"Bnouham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.106024","article-title":"Antidiabetic properties of caffeoylmalic acid, a bioactive natural compound isolated from Urtica dioica","volume":"176","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v12i5.13","article-title":"Lamium album or Urtica dioica? which is more effective in decreasing serum glucose, lipid and hepatic enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: A comparative study","volume":"12","author":"Mehran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"263","article-title":"In-Vitro Studying Toxicity of Herbal Extracts Mixture in Normal Environment and Protective Effect of Mixtures in High-Glucose Environment","volume":"25","author":"Moumivand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2012.121019","article-title":"Improved glycemic control in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus taking Urtica dioica leaf extract: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"59","author":"Kianbakht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lab"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587217696929","article-title":"Silymarin, olibanum, and Nettle, a mixed herbal formulation in the treatment of type II diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Khalili","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2020.1727076","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a traditional herbal combination in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Mehrzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trasca, D.M., Dop, D., Stoica, G.-A., Adrian, N.S., Carmen, N.E., V\u0103ru\u021b, R.M., and Singer, C.E. (2025). The antidiabetic activity of wild-growing and cultivated medicinal plants used in Romania for diabetes mellitus management: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071035"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2006.01.010","article-title":"Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats","volume":"77","author":"Daher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"181","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcholic Urtica dioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance","volume":"37","author":"Ahangarpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"141","article-title":"Effect of adding nettle leaves (Uritca dioica L.) powder on basal diet to lower diabetesin rats","volume":"46","author":"Eldamaty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"254","article-title":"Protective effect of Urtica dioica leaf hydro alcoholic extract against experimentally-induced atherosclerosis in rats","volume":"8","author":"Namazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.24086\/cuesj.v6n2y2022.pp125-132","article-title":"The Preventive Effects of Urtica dioica Extract and Nanoparticle on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Male Rats","volume":"6","author":"Othman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cihan Univ.-Erbil Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"275","article-title":"Effects of Nettle (Urtica dioica) Supplementation on Productive Performance, Biochemical Parameters, and Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens","volume":"15","author":"Pedraza","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. World Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.07.006","article-title":"Urtica dioica attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats: In vitro, in vivo, and molecular docking studies","volume":"184","author":"Othmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557521666210929143112","article-title":"Effects of Urtica dioica on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"707","article-title":"The effect of aerobic training and Urtica dioica on lipid profile and fasting blood glucose in middle age female with type II diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Dadvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur Sci. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01341-8","article-title":"Exploring Urtica dioica L. as a Promising Alternative Therapy for Obesity-Related Breast Cancer: Insights from Molecular Mechanisms and Bioinformatic Analysis","volume":"80","author":"Eren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effect of the Several Herbal Medicines Mixture on BMI and Lipid Profile-The Animal Study","volume":"16","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Namjou, A., Heidarian, E., and Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2018, January 13\u201316). Effects of Urtica dioica hydro-alcoholic extract on blood serum glucose and lipid profiles of female Wistar rats with long-term estrogen deficiency. Proceedings of the Veterinary Research Forum, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2024.314387.1361","article-title":"Performance, Egg Quality, and Some Serum Parameters of Layers Fed Different Parts of Stinging Nettle (Uritica Dioica)","volume":"71","author":"Maznouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Assiut Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-024-01361-1","article-title":"Herbal tea used globally targeting metabolic syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Barbhuiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakla, R.S., El-Gendy, R.M., Ali, J., and Hafez, M.M.A. (2025). Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) as a potential control agent for Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera). BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06108-6"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15404","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15404","article-title":"The effect of Urtica dioica extract on oxidative stress, heat shock proteins, and brain histopathology in multiple sclerosis model","volume":"10","author":"Namazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-025-10073-w","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of Adding Herbal Medicine into Standard Treatment for Patients with Primary Hypertension in Comparison to a Placebo: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Motavasselian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Innov."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chira, A., and Lorenzetti, S. (2025). Modulatory Effects of Urtica dioica on Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unveiling the Latest Findings and Applications Related to Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cognitive Dysfunction. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070854"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"71","article-title":"Urtica dioica L. Attenuate Methotrexate Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Rani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.2.673","article-title":"Anticancer effects of Urtica dioica in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Karakol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshammari, S.O. (2024). Identification and Absorption\u2013Distribution\u2013Metabolism\u2013Excretion\u2013Toxicity Prediction of Potential MTHFD2 Enzyme Inhibitors from Urtica dioica Ethanolic Leaf Extract. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12061177"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520620666200311095836","article-title":"Urtica dioica extract inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HepG2 and HTC116 as gastrointestinal cancer cell lines","volume":"20","author":"Kardan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1051\/bmdcn\/2018080208","article-title":"A screening of growth inhibitory activity of Iranian medicinal plants on prostate cancer cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Lorigooini","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vvaf144","DOI":"10.1093\/ijfood\/vvaf144","article-title":"Chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity of Urtica dioica L. under different cropping and irrigation practices","volume":"60","author":"Chrysargyris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.9.5317","article-title":"Antioxidant and apoptotic effects of an aqueous extract of Urtica dioica on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line","volume":"14","author":"Fattahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nafeh, G., Abi Akl, M., Samarani, J., Bahous, R., Al Kari, G., Younes, M., Sarkis, R., and Rizk, S. (2023). Urtica dioica leaf infusion enhances the sensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060780"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Study the apoptotic effect of N_butanol extract of Urtica dioica on T24 bladder cancer cell line","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.3.16","article-title":"Urtica dioica inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis by targeting Ornithine decarboxylase and Adenosine deaminase as key regulatory enzymes in adenosine and polyamines homeostasis in human breast cancer cell lines","volume":"64","author":"Fattahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28059","article-title":"Investigation of the quality properties and functionality improvement of set-type yogurt fortified with different ratios of borage (Echium amoenum) and nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts","volume":"109","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"793","article-title":"Control of yersiniosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Innovative non-antibiotic feed-based strategies","volume":"25","author":"Citarasu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-025-00326-y","article-title":"Allergen immunotherapy for Stinging nettle allergy","volume":"34","author":"Salge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergo. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vico, G., Guida, V., and Carella, F. (2018). Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): A neglected plant with emerging growth promoter\/immunostimulant properties for farmed fish. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00285"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2021.1963645","article-title":"Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) in broiler nutrition","volume":"77","author":"Milosevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5455\/jcmr.20180508052039","article-title":"Effects of extract of Urtica dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) on the immune response of rats with severe malnutritione","volume":"9","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Complement. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"2517","article-title":"Antirheumatic effect of IDS 23, a Stinging Nettle leaf extract, on in vitro expression of T helper cytokines","volume":"26","author":"Klingelhoefer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09680-x","article-title":"Stinging Nettle, Urtica dioica L.: Botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview","volume":"19","author":"Grauso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2009.01133.x","article-title":"Use of lupin, Lupinus perennis, mango, Mangifera indica, and Stinging Nettle, Urtica dioica, as feed additives to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)","volume":"33","author":"Awad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"355","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance metabolic and antioxidant properties in Urtica dioica L. callus","volume":"41","author":"Dehghani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Aromat. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"228","article-title":"Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) modulates angiogenesis by targeting the PI3K\/AKT\/eNOS pathway in prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Merza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Middle East J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113306","article-title":"Resistance training and Urtica dioica increase neurotrophin levels and improve cognitive function by increasing age in the hippocampus of rats","volume":"153","author":"Rahmati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115502","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetic hepatopathy and molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals","volume":"167","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/8\/928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:25:30Z","timestamp":1785169530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/8\/928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15080928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15080928","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}