{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:19:30Z","timestamp":1785417570773,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macau Science and Technology Program","award":["SGDX20220530111403024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGDX20220530111403024"]}]},{"name":"Seed Fund for PI Research-Translational and Applied Research","award":["109001352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109001352"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81871413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["81871413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871413"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"project for the construction of key disciplines in Futian District"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely investigated in the biomedical field, particularly their anti-tumor efficacy. The potential of ZnO hierarchical structures (ZnO HSs) in tumor cell eradication remains largely unexplored in prostate cancer (PCa) and thyroid cancer (TC). In this study, we successfully synthesized and characterized ZnO NPs and ZnO HSs using green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) as a reducing agent and conjugation of FIT-C tracking for both ZnO NPs and ZnO HSs. UV-vis spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), FTIR, XDR, SEM and TEM revealed significant differences in morphology between ZnO NPs and ZnO HSs. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that SNPs were more effective on aggressive PCa and TC cell lines compared to ZnO NPs. Notably, ZnO HSs exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity in 3D tumor cell spheroid models. Mechanistically, ZnO HSs induced apoptosis through cholesterol-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our in vivo study revealed no histopathological changes in major organs (liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs), emphasizing the safe administration of both ZnO NPs and ZnO HSs. Our study synthesized FITC-conjugated non-spherical ZnO nanoparticles, providing evidence for a novel treatment strategy for hormone-related cancers and prospective fluorescent-guided nanomedicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1785239126000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluorescent-Conjugated ZnO Nanostructures Exhibited 3D Anti-Tumor Efficacy Against Drug-Resistant Cancers Through Cholesterol-Mediated ROS Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Salida","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ontana","family":"Yotnarong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohao","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7378-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongle","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theeranan","family":"Tangthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization), Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06936-3","article-title":"Antineoplastic effectiveness of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Onopordum acanthium L. extract (AgNPs-OAL) toward MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells","volume":"49","author":"Delalat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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