{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:17:48Z","timestamp":1785428268288,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","award":["2022\/01769-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/01769-5"]}]},{"award":["2022\/01769-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/01769-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Faculdade de Medicina","award":["C1721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1721"]}]},{"award":["C1721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1721"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03mhtag13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility affects a substantial proportion of couples worldwide, with oxidative stress recognized as one of its most prevalent and potentially treatable mechanisms. This review critically analyzes current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for oxidative stress-related male infertility, highlighting the necessity of advancing from descriptive semen analysis to mechanism-based clinical care. The biological basis of reactive oxygen species generation in spermatozoa, the dual physiological and pathological roles of redox signaling, and the contributions of leukocytes, lifestyle factors, infections, varicocele, metabolic disease, environmental exposures, and transition metals in amplifying oxidative injury are examined. Laboratory methods for assessing oxidative stress, including chemiluminescence, flow cytometry, oxidation-reduction potential, and total antioxidant capacity assays, are evaluated with respect to biological relevance, technical limitations, standardization, and clinical applicability. Evidence suggests that indiscriminate antioxidant use, without prior confirmation of oxidative stress or identification of its cause, may account for inconsistent clinical trial outcomes and could induce reductive stress. Conversely, individualized management based on comprehensive andrological evaluation, treatment of underlying conditions, and quality-controlled functional sperm testing is more rational and potentially effective. Oxidative stress should therefore be regarded as a diagnosable and monitorable clinical entity in male infertility, necessitating validated diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies rather than empiric supplementation alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:57:28Z","timestamp":1785254248000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: A Critical Analysis of Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6452-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Hallak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology Department of Surgery, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Reproductive Toxicology Unit, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Men\u2019s Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01230-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology Laboratories, High-Complex Clinical and Research Laboratory, and the Androscience Institute for Science, Education and Advanced Projects in Male Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 04534-011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert John","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Sallum","family":"Hallak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology Laboratories, High-Complex Clinical and Research Laboratory, and the Androscience Institute for Science, Education and Advanced Projects in Male Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 04534-011, Brazil"},{"name":"FMABC Medical School University Center, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Fl\u00e1via Quiarato","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology Laboratories, High-Complex Clinical and Research Laboratory, and the Androscience Institute for Science, Education and Advanced Projects in Male Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 04534-011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Afonso","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Men\u2019s Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01230-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology Laboratories, High-Complex Clinical and Research Laboratory, and the Androscience Institute for Science, Education and Advanced Projects in Male Health, S\u00e3o Paulo 04534-011, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68903-419, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. 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