{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:04:12Z","timestamp":1785420252976,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2900\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2900\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KL2900\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2900\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AR073004-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AR073004-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR071189-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR071189-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA merit","award":["1I01BX004293-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I01BX004293-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an evolutionarily conserved indoleamine with potent antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Due to its amphiphilic nature, melatonin readily accumulates in mitochondria, where it regulates redox homeostasis and bioenergetic function. Although melatonin has been implicated in cutaneous protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the mitochondrial mechanisms underlying its effects in UVB-exposed keratinocytes remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial-centered protective effects of melatonin in human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) subjected to UVB irradiation. UVB exposure induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and proliferation, accompanied by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization (\u0394\u03a8m), ATP depletion, caspase-3 activation, and increased expression of DNA damage- and senescence-associated markers, including \u03b3H2AX, p53, and p16INK4a. Pre-treatment with melatonin attenuated these alterations by reducing oxidative stress, preserving \u0394\u03a8m, maintaining ATP production, suppressing apoptotic signaling, and modulating DNA damage- and senescence-related pathways. Collectively, our findings suggest that mitochondria are a central target of melatonin in UVB-exposed keratinocytes and demonstrate that maintenance of mitochondrial redox balance and bioenergetic integrity is associated with reduced apoptotic and senescence-related changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1785320027000},"page":"939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Melatonin Preserves Mitochondrial Redox Balance in UVB-Exposed Human Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7721-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayuko","family":"Okura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kento","family":"Takaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuyuki","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Gagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Kar\u0142owicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3070-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wolnicka-Glubisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4298-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8963-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej T.","family":"Slominski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"},{"name":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Kleszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of M\u00fcnster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.161","article-title":"UV signaling pathways within the skin","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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