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Solvent extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-\u03b1-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting their value for further pharmacological investigation. Among the isolated compounds, gallic acid (1), quercetin (3), myricetin (4), avicularin (6), and isorhamnetin (7) exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (SC50 \u2264 6.50 \u03bcM) and were stronger than the positive control BHT (SC50 = 36.99 \u03bcM). Kaempferol (9) (IC50 of 4.50 \u00b5M) demonstrated the highest \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition, surpassing that of the clinically used acarbose (IC50 = 519.7 \u00b5M). Additionally, gallic acid and quercetin demonstrated significantly stronger NO inhibition than apigenin, while kaempferol showed comparable activity (IC50 = 15.06 \u00b1 1.50 \u03bcM vs. 16.08 \u00b1 1.86 \u03bcM for apigenin). Molecular docking analyses supported favorable interactions between the active compounds and \u03b1-glucosidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Kaempferol reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and was associated with increased KLF4 and Arg-1 expression and decreased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and I\u03baB\u03b1, suggesting a potential role in promoting an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype. Structure\u2013activity relationship analysis indicated that flavonoid aglycones and specific hydroxylation patterns contribute to the observed biological activities. Collectively, these findings identify quercetin and kaempferol as highly active constituents of P. aviculare and support their potential for further pharmacological investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Phytopharmacological Profiling of Polygonum aviculare L.: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Bioactive Constituents with Molecular Docking and In Silico Drug-Likeness Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4282-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuen-Sing","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8662-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin-Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management, Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jih-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S158513","article-title":"Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Liguori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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