{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:07:11Z","timestamp":1785406031167,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tam Anh General Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases represent a major and growing global health burden characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction, axonal degeneration, and irreversible neural tissue loss. Increasing evidence identifies oxidative stress as one of several interacting pathogenic mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and several optic neuropathies. Interest has increasingly focused on the brain-retina axis, as the retina and optic nerve share structural, metabolic, and molecular features with the central nervous system and may provide accessible insights into neurodegeneration. This scoping review mapped current evidence on oxidative stress in neurodegeneration, emphasizing cranial nerve involvement, optic nerve vulnerability, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, visual dysfunction, oxidative biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies. The review followed established methodological frameworks and PRISMA-ScR recommendations; no formal risk-of-bias appraisal was undertaken, consistent with scoping-review methodology. The literature shows that oxidative stress interacts with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, impaired mitophagy, ferroptosis, and altered bioenergetics, contributing to neuronal injury in cerebral and retinal disorders. Retinal ganglion cells appear particularly vulnerable because of their high metabolic demands and reliance on oxidative phosphorylation. Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies share molecular signatures with central neurodegenerative diseases. Retinal imaging and oxidative biomarkers show promise for diagnosis, monitoring, and stratification. The evidence base is nonetheless dominated by preclinical work; biomarker performance is inconsistent across matrices and assay platforms and most antioxidant clinical trials have been negative. Oxidative stress is therefore best regarded as one interacting node of a broader pathogenic network rather than a universal or predominant driver and the brain-retina continuum as a mechanistically plausible but not yet clinically validated framework for biomarker-guided neuroprotection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:32:13Z","timestamp":1785403933000},"page":"948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Eye as a Window to Neurodegeneration: Oxidative Stress, Optic Nerve Vulnerability, and Retinal Biomarkers\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 12114, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3193-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y Van","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tam Anh General Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Lab of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicines, School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (Di.Me.S.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Narvaez Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Medical Surgeon, University of San Andres, 8390 Calacoto 21 Street, La Paz 202010, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Corriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Puntillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3797-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phong Van","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tam Anh General Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Lab of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicines, School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo Luigi Giuseppe","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visionary International Board for Research and Analgesia (VIBRA), Fondazione Paolo Procacci, 00193 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teleanu, R.I., Niculescu, A.-G., Roza, E., Vlad\u00e2cenco, O., Grumezescu, A.M., and Teleanu, D.M. 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