{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:30:26Z","timestamp":1786365026883,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC-31960156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-31960156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC-82460290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-82460290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NSFC-31960156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-31960156"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NSFC-82460290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC-82460290"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education","award":["2020-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-39"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Support Program of Guizhou Province","award":["QKH-ZK [2023]506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKH-ZK [2023]506"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Support Program of Guizhou Province","award":["QKH-MS [2025]357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKH-MS [2025]357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To evaluate whether human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) protect against \u1d05-galactose (\u1d05-gal)-induced aging-like testicular injury and to investigate the involvement of the Keap1\/Nrf2 pathway and NLRP3-associated pyroptosis. Methods: A mouse model of aging-like testicular injury was established by subcutaneous administration of \u1d05-gal for 8 weeks, followed by tail vein injection of ADSCs. Testicular morphology, blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB) integrity, and senescence-associated markers (p16, p21) were assessed. In vitro, TM4 Sertoli cells were used to establish a senescence model and Tranwell co-cultured with ADSCs. Oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and pyroptosis-related markers were evaluated using biochemical assays, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR. The involvement of the Keap1\/Nrf2-NLRP3 axis was further examined using pharmacological inhibitors. Results: ADSC treatment significantly alleviated \u1d05-gal-induced testicular atrophy and histopathological injury, accompanied by reduced expression of the senescence markers p16 and p21 and partial restoration of BTB-related structures. ADSCs also attenuated oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased ROS and MDA levels, increased SOD activity, and enhanced expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant targets, including HO-1 and NQO1. In parallel, ADSC administration suppressed NLRP3 activation, reduced caspase-1 cleavage, and lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In TM4 cells, inhibition of Nrf2 weakened the protective effects of ADSCs and was accompanied by reactivation of NLRP3-associated signaling, whereas inhibition of NLRP3 attenuated senescence- and inflammation-related changes without restoring Nrf2 activity. Conclusions: ADSCs alleviate \u1d05-gal-induced aging-like testicular injury, at least in part, by restoring redox balance, preserving BTB-associated structure, and suppressing NLRP3-associated pyroptosis through the Keap1\/Nrf2 pathway. These findings suggest that ADSC-based therapy may represent a promising strategy for age-related male reproductive dysfunction, while further studies using genetic models and functional fertility endpoints are needed to confirm causality and translational relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15080989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:38:09Z","timestamp":1786361889000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate \u1d05-Galactose-Induced Testicular Injury by Activating the Keap1\/Nrf2 Pathway and Suppressing NLRP3-Associated Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mengjia","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9101-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songpo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiran","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1742-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8566-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7934-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e078635","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078635","article-title":"How can China tackle its declining fertility rate?","volume":"386","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.018","article-title":"Effects of age on fertility and sexual function","volume":"107","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. 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