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This study elucidated the strategic divergence among different peanut genotypes in their foliar photosystems to perform physiological homeostasis under low-phosphorus (LP) conditions. Based on a peanut mini-core collection, six representative accessions with contrasting photosynthetic capacities were selected and categorized into high- and low-photosynthetic functional groups. We integrated leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, the trans-thylakoid proton gradient (\u0394pH), and antioxidant enzyme assays to evaluate their adaptive responses to low-P stress relative to the high-P (HP) control. Our results demonstrated that LP stress induced widespread photosynthetic inhibition across all accessions; this suppression was primarily driven by non-stomatal limitations. Under LP stress, high-Pn accessions exhibited superior cyclic electron flow (CEF) plasticity synergized with highly plastic guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activity, suppressing the leaf-level ROS burst and maintaining a substantial \u0394pH for ATP synthesis and PSI stability. Conversely, low-Pn accessions suffered from severe oxidative overload and relied heavily on passive thermal dissipation, characterized by elevated non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values and restricted CEF engagement. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed that while baseline biochemical impairments were universal, the capacity to dynamically modulate this \u0394pH-dependent regulatory network\u2014which integrates CEF, cytochrome b6f photosynthetic control, and antenna-level NPQ\u2014served as the decisive determinant underlying genotypic variations in photosystem resilience under P deficiency. This study demonstrated that peanut genotypes deploy divergent, \u0394pH-centered strategies to balance light energy distribution under P-limited conditions. These findings provide a novel and plausible mechanistic framework for selecting and breeding P-efficient peanut cultivars in poor soils with enhanced photosystem resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15081002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T16:17:52Z","timestamp":1786551472000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic Plasticity of Photochemical Traits and Antioxidant Responsiveness Confer Photosynthetic Resilience in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Phosphorus Deficiency: The Pivotal Role of Cyclic Electron Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Plant Nutrition and Germplasm Resources Innovation, College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Plant Nutrition and Germplasm Resources Innovation, College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Plant Nutrition and Germplasm Resources Innovation, College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Nasir Hossain","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456 Alnarp, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Plant Nutrition and Germplasm Resources Innovation, College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"},{"name":"Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Wan Hong","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23456 Alnarp, Sweden"},{"name":"Brightlands Future of Farming Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 5928 SX Venlo, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-102720-125738","article-title":"Phosphorus acquisition and utilization in plants","volume":"73","author":"Lambers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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