{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1787304264531,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune \u03b2-cell destruction, metabolic instability, and long-term susceptibility to vascular and renal complications. Oxidative stress has been widely implicated in these processes, but it is often described as a generalized consequence of hyperglycemia, not as a measurable and heterogeneous biological state. In this review, we propose exploratory redox phenotyping as a framework for characterizing oxidative stress in pediatric and early-stage T1D. This approach integrates biomarkers of antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA oxidation, and inflammation-associated redox activity to explore potentially distinct patterns of redox dysregulation. Key biomarker domains include enzymatic antioxidant systems, lipid-peroxidation products, protein- and DNA-oxidation markers, and inflammatory mediators, which may collectively characterize the intensity, molecular compartment, and possible clinical relevance of redox dysregulation. Across pediatric presymptomatic T1D, newly diagnosed disease, partial remission, and short-duration established T1D, longitudinal redox profiling may help distinguish stage-specific or transient metabolic responses from persistent oxidative dysregulation. These clinical phases are considered separately as they differ in immune activity, residual C-peptide secretion, glycemic exposure, and biological susceptibility. Redox phenotyping may also improve the design of antioxidant, mitochondrial, anti-inflammatory, and NRF2-targeted interventions by enabling biomarker-based patient selection. By defining oxidative stress as a stratifiable biological domain, this framework may advance precision risk assessment and guide more rational, targeted redox-directed therapies for children and individuals with early-stage T1D. At present, these proposed profiles remain hypothetical and require validation in prospective cohorts using standardized assays, reproducible thresholds, and clinically meaningful outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15081044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pediatric and Early-Stage Type 1 Diabetes: Toward Redox Phenotyping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Mittal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Alberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9794-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshini","family":"Shivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likhita","family":"Selvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayushi","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venisha","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Blaschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Alipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khemraj","family":"Hirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-026-00419-2","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108962","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapeutic mechanisms","volume":"278","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manful, C.F., Fordjour, E., Subramaniam, D., Sey, A.A., Abbey, L., and Thomas, R. (2025). Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species: Shaping Human Health and Disease Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157520"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, R., Valerio, E.A., Mutha, V., Raj, A., and Hirani, K. (2026). Oxidative-Stress-Associated Molecular Signatures in Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review Integrating Machine Learning and Systems Biology Approaches. Antioxidants, 15.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2026.3.0051"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0555","article-title":"Factors associated with oxidative stress status in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Kacarevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.017","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in a type 1 Diabetes Mellitus model causes a shift in mitochondria coupled-glucose phosphorylation and redox metabolism in rat brain","volume":"160","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"570","article-title":"Relationship between short and long-term glycemic variability and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus under daily life insulin treatment","volume":"65","author":"Valente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141138","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141138","article-title":"Mitophagy protects \u03b2 cells from inflammatory damage in diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Sidarala","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05818-z","article-title":"Oxidative stress markers and inflammation in type 1 and 2 diabetes are affected by BMI, treatment type, and complications","volume":"15","author":"Engwert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"301","article-title":"Evaluation of Paraoxonase-1 Activity of Arylesterase and Lactonase and Their Correlation with Oxidative Stress in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01965-7","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109007","article-title":"Oxidative stress in youth with type 1 diabetes: Not only a matter of gender, age, and glycemic control","volume":"179","author":"Morandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121975","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis and prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetes mellitus through the NRF2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"329","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109201","article-title":"The role of oral alpha-lipoic acid as an adjuvant antioxidant therapy in diabetic nephropathy among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Elhenawy","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odyjewska, E., Kupi\u0144ska, M., Jamio\u0142kowska-Sztabkowska, M., Bossowski, A., and G\u0142owi\u0144ska-Olszewska, B. (2025). Residual beta-cell function in children with type 1 diabetes after a partial remission phase\u2014A possible relation between C-peptide and betatrophin. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1602777"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leenders, F., Groen, N., de Graaf, N., Engelse, M.A., Rabelink, T.J., de Koning, E.J.P., and Carlotti, F. (2021). Oxidative Stress Leads to \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction Through Loss of \u03b2-Cell Identity. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.690379"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2019.07.153","article-title":"Relation Between Oxidative Stress and Hematologic Abnormalities in Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Zanaty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekle, M., Rassi, D.M., Donadi, E.A., Grunler, J., Dallner, G., Forsberg, E., and Brismar, K. (2025). Alterations in the IGF-System and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Young Brazilian Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: An Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121514"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.05.385","article-title":"Integration of multi-omics data and machine learning to identify antioxidant biomarkers in type 1 diabetes","volume":"236","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clos-Garcia, M., Ahluwalia, T.S., Winther, S.A., Henriksen, P., Ali, M., Fan, Y., Stankevic, E., Lyu, L., Vogt, J.K., and Hansen, T. (2022). Multiomics signatures of type 1 diabetes with and without albuminuria. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1015557"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0567","article-title":"Clinical Impact of Residual C-Peptide Secretion in Type 1 Diabetes on Glycemia and Microvascular Complications","volume":"44","author":"Jeyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116491","article-title":"Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin C66 and B2BrBC modulate oxidative stress, JNK activity, and pancreatic gene expression in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"229","author":"Stojchevski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toma, L., Stancu, C.S., and Sima, A.V. (2020). Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Is Aggravated by Glycated Lipoproteins; Novel Molecular Therapies. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010018"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"251","article-title":"Nitric oxide metabolism is impaired by type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Sokolovska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabia, M., Socha, K., Soroczy\u0144ska, J., Bossowski, A., and Markiewicz-\u017bukowska, R. (2023). Determinants Related to Oxidative Stress Parameters in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092084"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinzaru, A.D., Lupu, A., Chisnoiu, T., Baciu, G., Baciu, A.P., Baciu, C., Lupu, V.V., Balasa, A.L., Chirila, S., and Panculescu, F.G. (2025). Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress Responses in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes and Transient Hyperglycemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041701"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","article-title":"Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage","volume":"404","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.22.12222","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Sp1 glycosylation","volume":"97","author":"Du","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100214","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes risk genes mediate pancreatic beta cell survival in response to proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"2","author":"Benaglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giusti, L., Tesi, M., Ciregia, F., Marselli, L., Zallocco, L., Suleiman, M., De Luca, C., Del Guerra, S., Zuccarini, M., and Trerotola, M. (2022). The Protective Action of Metformin against Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Human Islet Cell Damage and the Mechanisms Involved. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152465"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042018820903641","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018820903641","article-title":"Thiols as markers of redox status in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Pasch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1293","article-title":"Islet \u03b2-cell endoplasmic reticulum stress precedes the onset of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse model","volume":"61","author":"Tersey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.846","article-title":"The response of antioxidant genes to hyperglycemia is abnormal in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"52","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0097","article-title":"Circulating C-Peptide Levels in Living Children and Young People and Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Loss in Pancreas Donors Across Type 1 Diabetes Disease Duration","volume":"71","author":"Carr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0135-z","article-title":"Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications","volume":"9","author":"Volpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e29142","article-title":"Stress-Induced Diabetes: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02931.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress is, convincingly, the mediator of the dangerous effects of glucose variability","volume":"27","author":"Ceriello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1523-3","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce cell death, inflammatory responses, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human iPSC-derived beta cells","volume":"11","author":"Demine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05908-5","article-title":"Inhibition of the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 aggravates TNF-\u03b1-induced human beta cell dysfunction and death","volume":"66","author":"Colli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04615-5","article-title":"Compound A attenuates proinflammatory cytokine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in beta cells and displays beneficial therapeutic effects in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes","volume":"79","author":"Andreone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Shen, P., Song, Y., Huang, Y., and Tu, S. (2021). Reactive Oxygen Species in Autoimmune Cells: Function, Differentiation, and Metabolism. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635021"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1836","article-title":"Islet Autoimmunity and HLA Markers of Presymptomatic and Clinical Type 1 Diabetes: Joint Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S","volume":"44","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhamar, G., Vinci, C., Franzese, V., Tramontana, F., Le Goux, N., Ludvigsson, J., Nissim, A., and Strollo, R. (2025). The role of oxidative post-translational modifications in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1537405"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06003-5","article-title":"High proinsulin:C-peptide ratio identifies individuals with stage 2 type 1 diabetes at high risk for progression to clinical diagnosis and responses to teplizumab treatment","volume":"66","author":"Sims","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1004","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00011.2020","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 1 plays a primary role in protecting pancreatic \u03b2-cells from hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite","volume":"318","author":"Stancill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20144142","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin isoforms are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000486718","article-title":"Association between Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Enterovirus-Infected Type 1 Diabetic Children","volume":"27","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-023-00253-3","article-title":"Urolithin C alleviates pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes by activating Nrf2 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che\u0142chowska, M., Jurczewska, J., Gajewska, J., Mazur, J., Szostak-W\u0119gierek, D., Rudnicka, E., and Ambroszkiewicz, J. (2023). Antioxidant Defense Expressed as Glutathione Status and Keap1-Nrf2 System Action in Relation to Anthropometric Parameters and Body Composition in Young Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030730"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31149","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31149","article-title":"Nrf2 prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via antioxidant effect and normalization of glucose and lipid metabolism in the heart","volume":"239","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13271","article-title":"Oxidized lipid-associated protein damage in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: New diagnostic\/prognostic clinical markers","volume":"22","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13633-020-00081-7","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in adolescents and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A retrospective analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1455","article-title":"Increased glycation and oxidative damage to apolipoprotein B100 of LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and effect of metformin","volume":"59","author":"Rabbani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.01.016","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in early type 1 diabetes mellitus is unassociated with oxidative damage to DNA","volume":"58","author":"Hoeldtke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.08.019","article-title":"Does oxidized LDL contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes?","volume":"45","author":"Wegner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_269_17","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Microalbuminuria in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes in Bangladesh","volume":"22","author":"Zabeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0111","article-title":"The prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Bulut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4510-1","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine and risk of kidney disease and death in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101901","article-title":"Protein oxidation\u2014Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases","volume":"42","author":"Kehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3109\/10715760903494168","article-title":"Oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA in diabetes and its protection by manganese superoxide dismutase","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008368","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008368","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights From the DCCT\/EDIC Study","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"183","article-title":"Serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and obesity","volume":"75","author":"Ellidag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2550214.107","article-title":"Development of a glycated hemoglobin prediction model using continuous glucose monitoring metrics in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: Insights into average glucose and recent glycemic trends","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomarkers: New Advances in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2023.2277145","article-title":"Arachidonic acid: Reconciling the dichotomy of its oxidative cascade through specific deuteration","volume":"58","author":"Brenna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H945","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00673.2024","article-title":"Oxidative stress and pediatric diabetic cardiovascular complications: Emerging research and clinical applications","volume":"328","author":"Saedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, A., Schultz, K.R., Knight, J.D., Shearn, C.T., and Baumel-Alterzon, S. (2025). Scars of oxidative stress: Protein carbonylation and beta cell dysfunction in diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1722623"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadenas-Garrido, P., Schonvandt-Alarcos, A., Herrera-Quintana, L., V\u00e1zquez-Lorente, H., Santamar\u00eda-Quiles, A., Ruiz de Francisco, J., Moya-Escudero, M., Mart\u00edn-Oliva, D., Mart\u00edn-Guerrero, S.M., and Rodr\u00edguez-Santana, C. (2024). Using Redox Proteomics to Gain New Insights into Neurodegenerative Disease and Protein Modification. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010127"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70057","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70057","article-title":"Relationship between advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without albuminuria: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Larry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoharan, R.R., Prasad, A., Posp\u00ed\u0161il, P., and Kzhyshkowska, J. (2024). ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1359600"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, C., Zhao, J., Cheng, N., Xu, Z., Ma, H., Song, Y., and Sun, X. (2025). S-Nitrosylation in Cardiovascular Disorders: The State of the Art. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081073"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iheagwam, F.N., Joseph, A.J., Adedoyin, E.D., Iheagwam, O.T., and Ejoh, S.A. (2025). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: Shedding Light on a Widespread Oversight. Pathophysiology, 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology32010009"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20328","article-title":"Oxidative damage to DNA and lipids: Correlation with protein glycation in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koufakis, T., Kouroupis, D., Kourti, A., Thisiadou, K., Karalazou, P., Popovic, D.S., Patoulias, D., Maltese, G., Pyrpasopoulou, A., and Doukelis, P. (2025). Interleukin-6-Related Inflammatory Burden in Type 1 Diabetes: Evidence for Elevation with Suboptimal Glycemic Control. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186511"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06313-2","article-title":"Beta cell extracellular vesicle PD-L1 as a novel regulator of CD8+ T cell activity and biomarker during the evolution of type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellanti, F., Coda, A.R.D., Trecca, M.I., Lo Buglio, A., Serviddio, G., and Vendemiale, G. (2025). Redox Imbalance in Inflammation: The Interplay of Oxidative and Reductive Stress. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060656"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.2337\/dci25-0013","article-title":"The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum","volume":"48","author":"Dor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0340","article-title":"Genetics of C-Peptide and Age at Diagnosis in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"74","author":"Roshandel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, R., Lemos, J.R.N., Chapagain, P.P., and Hirani, K. (2025). Interplay of hypoxia, immune dysregulation, and metabolic stress in pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1599321"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02607-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes and its implications for pancreatic beta-cell survival and insulin secretion","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83743","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83743","article-title":"Structure of human phagocyte NADPH oxidase in the resting state","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2025.11.005","article-title":"The differences of clinical features and neutrophils\u2019 stress between IL-17 positive and negative patients of type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Wang, W., Huang, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Pang, Y., and Li, S. (2025). Environmental Mechanisms Influencing the Pathogenesis and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311613"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113197","article-title":"Oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiological insights, clinical relevance, and implications for diabetes complications","volume":"235","author":"Martinc","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.11.019","article-title":"Arsenic induces pancreatic \u03b2-cell apoptosis via the oxidative stress-regulated mitochondria-dependent and endoplasmic reticulum stress-triggered signaling pathways","volume":"201","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.014","article-title":"Stress-induced \u03b2 cell early senescence confers protection against type 1 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a041596","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041596","article-title":"Breakdown and Repair of Peripheral Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Nepom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.103229","article-title":"Early growth response 2 activates MAF bZIP transcription factor F to protect \u03b2-cells from oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS0810458Z","article-title":"The importance of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes\u2014determination of catalase activity in lymphocytes of diabetic patients","volume":"61","author":"Vlaski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheah, L.T., Hindle, M.S., Khalil, J.S., Duval, C., Unsworth, A.J., and Naseem, K.M. (2025). Platelet Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidised Lipid Stress, Current Perspectives, and an Update on Future Directions. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070500"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"100691","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plaque vulnerability","volume":"61","author":"Goto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. Heart J. Plus"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polj\u0161ak, B., Jamnik, P., and Milisav, I. (2025). The Importance of Multifaceted Approach for Accurate and Comprehensive Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Status in Biological Systems. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091083"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.10.007","article-title":"The isoprostanes\u201425 years later","volume":"1851","author":"Milne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-024-01188-4","article-title":"An overview on glycation: Molecular mechanisms, impact on proteins, pathogenesis, and inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Uceda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadx7770","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adx7770","article-title":"A mitochondrial ROS-dependent antiviral response promotes \u03b2 cell resilience and is diminished in donors with type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Wagner","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42430","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042430","article-title":"Serum bilirubin as a biomarker of oxidative stress in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An observational study","volume":"104","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P.H., Li, N.N., Gu, X., Zhou, C.X., Jiang, Z.Z., Luo, X.J., Zhu, H.W., and Zhu, X.Y. (2025). Interaction between mitochondrial oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis in the context of diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1596436"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Guo, J., Shi, C., and Gong, Z. (2026). Mitochondrial transfer as a driver of immune microenvironment remodeling. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1743261"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.08.015","article-title":"8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of oxidative DNA injury, in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Spoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"101183","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA variants in the pathogenesis and metabolic alterations of diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Jyothi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwish, R., Alcibahy, Y., Abu-Sharia, G., and Butler, A.E. (2025). \u03b2-Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231861"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11389-z","article-title":"Molecular pathways of oxidative stress in diabetes: Redox imbalance and insulin pathway dysregulation","volume":"53","author":"Wani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez-Selles, A.J., Nu\u00f1ez-Musa, R.A., and Guillen-Marmolejos, R.A. (2025). Linking oxidative stress biomarkers to disease progression and antioxidant therapy in hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Front. Mol. Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1611842"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47338","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000047338","article-title":"Unraveling the connection: Inflammatory markers and diabetes mellitus pathogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Obeagu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodo\u0161ek Hojs, N., Bevc, S., Ekart, R., and Hojs, R. (2020). Oxidative Stress Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease with Emphasis on Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100925"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maalouf, M., Tammam, M., Kurungadan, S., Alsereidi, A., Afzal, M., and Jelinek, H.F. (2026). An inflammatory biomarker panel for prediabetes classification using interpretable machine learning. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341195"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dini\u0107, S., Aramba\u0161i\u0107 Jovanovi\u0107, J., Uskokovi\u0107, A., Mihailovi\u0107, M., Grdovi\u0107, N., Toli\u0107, A., Raji\u0107, J., \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107, M., and Vidakovi\u0107, M. (2022). Oxidative stress-mediated beta cell death and dysfunction as a target for diabetes management. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1006376"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"58","article-title":"Sustained low-grade inflammation in young participants with childhood onset type 1 diabetes: The Norwegian Atherosclerosis and Childhood Diabetes (ACD) study","volume":"373","author":"Lind","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-021-00568-5","article-title":"Leukocytic dysregulation in children with type 1 diabetes: Relation to diabetic vascular complications","volume":"13","author":"Salah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol. Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamena, F.A., and Forman, H.J. (2025). Lipid peroxidation and nitration. Molecular Basis of Oxidative Stress: Chemistry, Toxicology, Disease Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119790419"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peczy\u0144ska, J., Odyjewska, E., Koszykowska, K., Jamio\u0142kowska-Sztabkowska, M., Bossowski, A., and G\u0142owi\u0144ska-Olszewska, B. (2025). Cardiovascular risk factors and modern therapeutic strategies in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes to prevent future diabetic angiopathy in the era of innovative miRNAs biomarkers. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1638770"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goycheva, P., Petkova-Parlapanska, K., Georgieva, E., Karamalakova, Y., and Nikolova, G. (2023). Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Nephropathy Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713541"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, B., and Fu, J. (2025). Oxidative stress in pediatric diseases associated with the origin of life and growth and development. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1550765"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, D.W., Hsu, Y.C., Chang, C.C., Hsieh, C.C., and Lin, C.L. (2023). Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of NRF2 in Kidney Injury and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076053"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupu, V.V., Miron, I., Trandafir, L.M., Jechel, E., Starcea, I.M., Ioniuc, I., Frasinariu, O.E., Mocanu, A., Petrariu, F.D., and Danielescu, C. (2024). Challenging directions in pediatric diabetes\u2014The place of oxidative stress and antioxidants in systemic decline. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1472670"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazar, S., Reurean-Pintilei, D.V., Ionita, I., Avram, V.F., Herascu, A., and Timar, B. (2025). Glycemic Variability and Its Association with Traditional Glycemic Control Biomarkers in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072434"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24200","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24200","article-title":"Oxidative stress in children and adolescents: Insights into human biology","volume":"37","author":"Samsonov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16480","article-title":"Partial remission of type 1 diabetes: Do immunometabolic events define the honeymoon period?","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwosu, B.U., Zhang, B., Ayyoub, S.S., Villalobos-Ortiz, T.R., and Alonso, L.C. (2025). The partial clinical remission phase of type 1 diabetes: Early-onset dyslipidemia, long-term complications, and disease-modifying therapies. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1462249"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1901","article-title":"Glucose control and variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Fedulovs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"DiMeglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, M.N.A.S.F. (2026). Neurodevelopmental effects of severe hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Front. Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1734479"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.70204","article-title":"PLAGL1 overexpression exacerbates type 1 diabetes by inducing \u03b2-cell apoptosis via oxidative stress-dependent dual DNA damage and cGAS\/STING pathway activation","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Espinosa, G., Orduna-Hospital, E., Sope\u00f1a-Pinilla, M., Arias-\u00c1lvarez, M., Boned-Murillo, A., D\u00edaz-Barreda, M.D., S\u00e1nchez-Cano, A.I., and Pinilla, I. (2024). Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091152"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06548-7","article-title":"Acute brain responses to hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Beare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/8\/1044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:33:10Z","timestamp":1787301190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/8\/1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15081044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15081044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}