{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:24:25Z","timestamp":1787304265419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office-NKFIH","award":["PD137938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD137938"]}]},{"award":["PD137938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD137938"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"\u201cAgribiotechnology and precision breeding for food security National Laboratory\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship"},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Science","award":["KGYNK2025-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGYNK2025-40"]}]},{"award":["KGYNK2025-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGYNK2025-40"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ks8qq67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluorescent copper nanoclusters are promising functional nanomaterials; however, controlling their redox behavior through ligand engineering remains challenging. Herein, a multifunctional Vitamin B1-derived fluorescent copper nanohybrid system was synthesized by a simple one-pot method, where Vitamin B1 served as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. Spectroscopic and structural characterization supported the formation of ligand-stabilized fluorescent ultrasmall copper species exhibiting blue emission at 465 nm with a quantum yield of 5.7%. The B1-Cu nanohybrid system displayed pronounced environment-dependent dual redox activity. ORAC analysis revealed a Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity of 229.2 \u00b1 5.8 \u00b5M TE, compared with 28.1 \u00b1 4.3 \u00b5M TE for pure Vitamin B1, while the ABTS assay yielded an IC50 value of 14.4 \u00b1 0.4 \u00b5M, representing an approximately fivefold improvement over Vitamin B1 (73.7 \u00b1 1.9 \u00b5M). In addition, the material exhibited pH-dependent peroxidase-like activity, demonstrating its nanozyme functionality. Biological validation in maize protoplasts showed concentration-dependent intracellular ROS regulation, a pronounced hormetic response, and up to 83% higher GFP-mediated transformation efficiency than the untreated control. These findings demonstrate that ligand-directed modulation of fluorescent copper nanoclusters provides an effective strategy for engineering multifunctional redox-active nanohybrid systems for plant biotechnology and other redox-regulated biointerface applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15081045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"1045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifunctional Vitamin B1-Derived Fluorescent Copper Nanoclusters for Efficient Maize Protoplast Transformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nikolett","family":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesv\u00e1ri Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Dugonics Sqr. 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6235-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mil\u00e1n","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesv\u00e1ri Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3456-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgyi","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, Temesv\u00e1ri Krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7659-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ditta","family":"Ungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich B. 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