{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:27:51Z","timestamp":1787632071784,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515030047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods","award":["BRESG202404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRESG202404"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2025D04J0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025D04J0016"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["322QN436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322QN436"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS","award":["2022RC01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC01"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Research Outstanding Talents Training Program","award":["13210308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13210308"]}]},{"name":"CARS-47"},{"name":"HNARS","award":["HNARS-10-G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNARS-10-G01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012428","name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023TD34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High carbonate alkalinity (CA) is a major constraint on shrimp culture in saline\u2013alkaline waters. The hepatopancreas is central to shrimp immunity and metabolic regulation. Litopenaeus vannamei underwent a 7-day exposure period to 5 mmol\/L CA, followed by a subsequent 7-day recovery phase after removal of the stressor. The physiological regulatory mechanism of the hepatopancreas during CA stress and recovery was investigated by integrating multiple biological levels including histomorphology, antioxidant and immune indices, energy metabolism, and metabolite profiles. Results showed that CA stress induced structural changes in the hepatopancreas and triggered stress responses. Specifically, a significant upregulation was observed in genes involved in antioxidation (romo1, nrf2, gpx, hsp70), apoptosis (casp-9, casp-3), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ire1, xbp1), immune defense (alf, crus, pen-3, lys, propo), and detoxification (cyp450). CA stress also increased osmoregulatory genes (ccp, nhe, ca, aqp, vatp, nka-\u03b2, nka-\u03b1), whereas clc and tip4 were suppressed. CA stress reduced the levels of energy-metabolism-related biochemical indicators, including glucose (GLU), pyruvic acid (PYR), lactic acid (LAC) and triglycerides (TG), while markedly inducing the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (ldh, pdh, hk, pk), lipid metabolism (ampk, srebp, fas), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (mdh, cs, idh, odh, sdh, fh), and the electron transport chain (ETC) (ndh, cytc, coi, cco, atph). Moreover, the hepatopancreatic metabolic profile was remodeled, especially \u201cphenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis\u201d and the metabolism of \u03b2-alanine, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and sphingolipids being substantially altered during both the stress and recovery phases. Several functional metabolites linked to stress responses were further pinpointed. Following stress relief, some physiological parameters partially recovered, yet overall function failed to return to normal. Collectively, CA stress compromised hepatopancreatic homeostasis by damaging morphological integrity, eliciting stress and immune responses, and perturbing energy metabolism and metabolite homeostasis; these adverse effects were not readily reversible in the short term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787558621000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological Responses in the Hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei to Carbonate Alkalinity Stress and Subsequent Recovery: Integration of Antioxidant, Immune, and Metabolic Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2024.107164","article-title":"Integrated physiological, energy metabolism, and metabonomic responses indicate the stress response in the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei to nitrite stress","volume":"277","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquat. 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