{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:23:41Z","timestamp":1788351821486,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Integrated Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"name":"Key La-boratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Pharmacokinetics of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute liver injury (ALI) is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of paeonol (PA) in LPS\/D-GalN-induced ALI and explored the potential involvement of macrophage mitochondrial function and NDUFS7. Proteomic analysis showed that the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related proteins was suppressed in the liver of ALI mice, while PA treatment was associated with increased expression of several of these proteins. Integrated metabolomic analysis further indicated that PA modulated metabolites associated with energy metabolism and redox processes. In vitro experiments suggested that inflammatory RAW264.7 macrophages contributed to hepatocyte injury, whereas PA attenuated inflammatory responses and reduced macrophage-mediated injury to AML12 cells. In RAW264.7 cells, PA attenuated ROS accumulation and modulated multiple mitochondrial functional parameters, including mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, the NAD+\/NADH ratio, and complex I activity. Metabolic studies in human liver microsomes and primary human hepatocytes identified three major PA glucuronide metabolite products with five possible structural assignments. Molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis further indicated that several proposed PA metabolite structures exhibited more favorable predicted interactions and stronger binding to recombinant NDUFS7 than the parent PA. Collectively, these findings support the hepatoprotective effects of PA and its modulation of macrophage mitochondrial function, as well as the potential involvement of PA metabolites and NDUFS7, while further functional validation is required to establish their causal roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paeonol and Its Metabolites Alleviate LPS\/D-GalN-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice: Potential Involvement of NDUFS7 and Macrophage Mitochondrial Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9562-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Ru","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zi-Ya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Han","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong-Tong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Ji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Guo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S435544","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Nanozymes: Emerging Therapeutics for Acute Liver Injury Alleviation","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31894-X","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"394","author":"Stravitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208937","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"369","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101131","article-title":"Acute liver failure: A practical update","volume":"6","author":"Bassegoda","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.10.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and acute hepatic injury","volume":"7","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31404","article-title":"Acute Liver Injury in COVID-19: Prevalence and Association with Clinical Outcomes in a Large U.S. Cohort","volume":"72","author":"Phipps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.11.5939","article-title":"Galactosamine-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin","volume":"76","author":"Galanos","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2252-2","article-title":"Kupffer-cell-expressed transmembrane TNF-\u03b1 is a major contributor to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury","volume":"363","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03892-2","article-title":"The emerging role of alternatively activated macrophages to treat acute liver injury","volume":"99","author":"Humphries","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15518","article-title":"Macrophage extracellular traps aggravate iron overload-related liver ischaemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"178","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00729-0","article-title":"LPS-induced macrophage HMGB1-loaded extracellular vesicles trigger hepatocyte pyroptosis by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00516-0","article-title":"Melittin ameliorates inflammation in mouse acute liver failure via inhibition of PKM2-mediated Warburg effect","volume":"42","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.004","article-title":"Itaconate Links Inhibition of Succinate Dehydrogenase with Macrophage Metabolic Remodeling and Regulation of Inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Lampropoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101132","article-title":"Artificial cells delivering itaconic acid induce anti-inflammatory memory-like macrophages to reverse acute liver failure and prevent reinjury","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.04.033","article-title":"Paeonol: Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9357","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2054224","article-title":"Guizhi Fuling pill attenuates liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting TGF-beta1\/Smad2\/3 and activating IFN-gamma\/Smad7 signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(96)01503-6","article-title":"Evaluation of four prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine: Syh-mo-yiin, guizhi-fuling-wan, shieh-qing-wan and syh-nih-sann on experimental acute liver damage in rats","volume":"55","author":"Tsai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17044672","article-title":"Effect of paeonol on antioxidant and immune regulatory activity in hepatocellular carcinoma rats","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102098","article-title":"Paeonol promotes Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion via activating the CK2alpha-Stat3 pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0265-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Activities of Paeonol and Its Metabolites Through Blocking MAPK\/ERK\/p38 Signaling Pathway","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31364","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31364","article-title":"Integrated identification, qualification and quantification strategy for pharmacokinetic profile study of Guizhi Fuling capsule in healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01349-z","article-title":"Pterostilbene Exerts Hepatoprotective Effects through Ameliorating LPS\/D-Gal-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.09.022","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin against LPS\/d-GalN induced acute liver injury in mice by inhibiting the IKK\/NF-\u03baB and MAPK signal pathways","volume":"52","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Yu, J., Shi, L., Zhang, P., Yin, Y., Li, R., and Tao, K. (2022). Maresin1 Protect Against Ferroptosis-Induced Liver Injury Through ROS Inhibition and Nrf2\/HO-1\/GPX4 Activation. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.865689"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12901","article-title":"Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX-2\/prostaglandin E2 and Toll-like receptor\/MyD88 pathways","volume":"107","author":"Echizen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12419","article-title":"Paeonol alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatocytes injury through alteration of mitochondrial function and NF-kappaB translocation","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Ma, C., Gong, L., Guo, Y., Fu, K., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H., and Li, Y. (2021). Macrophage Polarization and Its Role in Liver Disease. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803037"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc4209","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4209","article-title":"The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I","volume":"370","author":"Kampjut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I activity suppresses inflammation and enhances bone resorption by shifting macrophage-osteoclast polarization","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-3002-x","article-title":"The dual face of glutamate: From a neurotoxin to a potential survival factor-metabolic implications in health and disease","volume":"76","author":"Magi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.09.020","article-title":"Metabolic Remodeling during Liver Regeneration","volume":"47","author":"Caldez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.016","article-title":"An Essential Role of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain in Cell Proliferation Is to Enable Aspartate Synthesis","volume":"162","author":"Birsoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00385-9","article-title":"Cellular pyrimidine imbalance triggers mitochondrial DNA-dependent innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Sprenger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13668-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease","volume":"11","author":"Chandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.04.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial function and toxicity: Role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism","volume":"163","author":"Depeint","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapies for mitochondrial diseases and current clinical trials","volume":"122","author":"Zarante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2020.09.009","article-title":"The genetic basis of isolated mitochondrial complex II deficiency","volume":"131","author":"Fullerton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00415-0","article-title":"The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"23","author":"Vercellino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114678","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex III bypass complex I to induce ROS in GPR17 signaling activation in GBM","volume":"162","author":"Kari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0065-y","article-title":"Apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver: A matter of life and death","volume":"15","author":"Schwabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.109","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Modulate Inflammatory Response in Hepatocytes and Macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Krishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09973","article-title":"TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS","volume":"472","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.09.008","article-title":"iASPP Is an Antioxidative Factor and Drives Cancer Growth and Drug Resistance by Competing with Nrf2 for Keap1 Binding","volume":"32","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21793","article-title":"Paeonol protects melanocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress through activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-021-01936-1","article-title":"Paeonol Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits in Streptozotocin Murine Model of Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"72","author":"Kiasalari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1079\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1788351003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15091079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15091079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}