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(Golden Gardinia) has received limited scientific attention despite the chemical diversity of its specialized metabolites. In this study, aqueous and 70% ethanolic preparations derived from the leaves, peel plus pulp, and seeds were systematically evaluated for extraction efficiency, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, HPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS phytochemical profiles, and cytocompatibility with C28\/I2 cells and primary human articular chondrocytes. The largest extract recovery was obtained from seed material, whereas the ethanolic leaf preparation contained the greatest TPC (81.08 \u00b1 4.60 mg GAE\/g), and TFC (28.36 \u00b1 3.63 mg QE\/g), and showed the strongest ABTS antioxidant activity (272.92 \u00b1 10.95 mg TE\/g). HPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MS analysis based on nominal-mass measurements enable the provisional annotation of 34 phytochemical features encompassing iridoids and iridoid glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their glycosides, xanthones, and benzophenone-related constituents. Overall, extraction with aqueous ethanol yielded a wider spectrum of detectable metabolites than extraction with water, while seed-derived preparations displayed the greatest chemical diversity. Under the experimental conditions and concentration range tested, viability of both immortalized C28\/I2 cells and primary human articular chondrocytes remained above 80%. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the botanical tissue selected and the extraction solvent substantially influence the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of G. sootepensis. The observed cytocompatibility provides a basis for subsequent mechanistic investigations but does not establish chondroprotective activity. Further confirmation and quantitative characterization of the provisionally annotated metabolites using high-resolution MS\/MS and authentic reference standards are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and Chondrocyte Cytocompatibility of Water and Ethanolic Extracts from Different Organs of Golden Gardenia (Gardinia sootepensis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thitinun","family":"Tarathipayakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pattaranee","family":"Srichairatanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pornpawee","family":"Sreechomphu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Excellence Center, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Vanichaya","family":"Sinpiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Excellence Center, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Onsaya","family":"Kerdto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 52000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peraphan","family":"Pothacharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 52000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somdet","family":"Srichairatanakool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 52000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wachiraporn","family":"Tipsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. 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