{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1788585431955,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["18\/07999-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/07999-7"]}]},{"award":["18\/07999-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/07999-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"People&Science Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Ltda"},{"name":"Decanato de Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","award":["23106.060230\/2025-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23106.060230\/2025-10"]}]},{"award":["23106.060230\/2025-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23106.060230\/2025-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xfp8v59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphibians of the family Phyllomedusidae produce complex cutaneous secretions with ecological and pharmacological relevance. Here, we investigated the skin morphology of Pithecopus oreades and P. azureus and the antioxidant function of the tryptophyllin PaT-2 in microglial cells. Histological and histochemical analyses revealed a conserved glandular organization, with mucous glands rich in neutral mucopolysaccharides and serous glands containing acidic and sulfated polysaccharides, concentrated predominantly in the dorsal and cephalic regions. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging showed that PaT-2 (m\/z 696.4) is heterogeneously distributed. A second ion (m\/z 1626.8), assigned to a truncated form of a phylloseptin-like antimicrobial peptide, was predominantly localized in limb tissues and partially overlapped with PaT-2, suggesting co-deployment of antioxidant and antimicrobial molecules on the skin. In BV2 microglial cells, menadione (10 \u00b5M) induced oxidative stress reflected by increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and higher total glutathione levels, consistent with a compensatory increase in glutathione synthesis. Synthetic PaT-2 (50 \u00b5M) was associated with numerically lower GSSG accumulation and a smaller increase in total glutathione when co-administered with menadione, showing no cytotoxicity while demonstrating modulation of endogenous glutathione status. These findings advance the integumentary biology of Pithecopus, suggest differences in peptide distribution between the specimens examined, and extend the antioxidant characterization of PaT-2 to the level of glutathione status, supporting its further investigation as a candidate molecule for oxidative stress-related research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skin Histology of Pithecopus spp. and Modulation of Glutathione Status by the Antioxidant Tryptophyllin PaT-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fl\u00e1via G. D.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology and Morphology Research Centre (NuPMIA), Morphology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique L. L. de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology (LNN), Institute of Biology (IB), University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria da Gloria da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology and Morphology Research Centre (NuPMIA), Morphology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o B.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de S\u00edntese e An\u00e1lise de Biomol\u00e9culas (LSAB), Instituto de Qu\u00edmica (IQ), Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o G. 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S. A.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology and Morphology Research Centre (NuPMIA), Morphology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"People&Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Ltda, Centro de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico (CDT), Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-000, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Alvares, G.F.R. (2009). 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