{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:10:02Z","timestamp":1788948602638,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1000800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1000800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Excellent Team Plan of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["(2022)014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2022)014"]}]},{"award":["(2022)014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2022)014"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ejmmq75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress drives skin aging, barrier impairment, and inflammatory amplification, making dietary antioxidants potential systemic contributors to cutaneous redox homeostasis. Edible fungi are distinctive sources of redox-active metabolites, particularly ergothioneine, a stable sulfur-containing antioxidant whose cellular uptake is mediated by the ergothioneine transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4). This review evaluates ergothioneine, polysaccharides and \u03b2-glucans, cordycepin, phenolics, and Ganoderma triterpenoids as processing-sensitive dietary bioactives with redox relevance rather than topical cosmetic ingredients. We examine how cultivation, drying, cooking, extraction, fermentation, and microbial biomanufacturing determine antioxidant formation, retention, oral bioaccessibility, and dose realism, and how antioxidant response, inflammatory, mitochondrial, and gut microbiota-mediated pathways connect intake to skin endpoints. The strongest oral evidence concerns biomarker-linked ergothioneine-rich Pleurotus. Smaller Flammulina velutipes and Sparassis crispa trials report hydration or transepidermal water loss signals without comparable exposure biomarkers, whereas purified ergothioneine provides provisional non-mushroom food evidence. Compared with better-established oral ingredients, edible fungi offer distinctive food technology advantages but a narrower human evidence base. Priorities include processing-aware quality and safety markers, contaminant control, standardized digestion models, dose-realistic exposure estimates, and biomarker-anchored randomized human trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Edible Fungi and Skin Redox Homeostasis: Bioactive Diversity, Processing, Oral Exposure, and Evidence Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Caizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youran","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gen","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.107010","article-title":"A review of short-chain fatty acids in gut and skin: Possible implications in skin aging","volume":"133","author":"Nambidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Turti, S., and Marza, S.M. (2025). Unraveling the gut-skin axis: The role of microbiota in skin health and disease. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12040167"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.104946","article-title":"Critical review on orally administered nutricosmetics: Food-based solutions conferring skin health from the inside out","volume":"159","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.109","article-title":"Mushrooms: A rich source of the antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione","volume":"233","author":"Kalaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paterska, M., Czerny, B., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Macrofungal extracts as a source of bioactive compounds for cosmetical anti-aging therapy: A comprehensive review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162810"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04048-7","article-title":"Mushrooms in modern cosmetics: Unlocking anti-aging, antioxidant, and therapeutic potential","volume":"317","author":"Rukhsar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221748","article-title":"The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes","volume":"336","author":"Floudas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0229(02)00011-X","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as agents of wood decay by fungi","volume":"30","author":"Hammel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01937-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01937-18","article-title":"Oxidative damage control during decay of wood by brown rot fungus using oxygen radicals","volume":"84","author":"Castano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"372","article-title":"Optimization of extraction conditions for functional ingredients from Tremella fuciformis Berk. using response surface methodology","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mushroom"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vvaf097","DOI":"10.1093\/ijfood\/vvaf097","article-title":"Determination of cordycepin, ergothioneine, and other bioactive compounds in Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies cultivated on different substrates","volume":"60","author":"Jedrejko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01891-5","article-title":"Enhancement of ergothioneine production by discovering and regulating its metabolic pathway in Cordyceps militaris","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhao, K., Li, J., Li, X., Zhao, H., Cui, R., Li, J., Guo, J., and Bian, X. (2025). Recent advances in polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis: Isolation, structures, bioactivities and application. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1663327"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s44518-026-00005-2","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the nutritional and therapeutic potential of mushrooms in healthy aging and longevity","volume":"1","author":"Akinyede","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000355523","article-title":"Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Proksch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.-U., Chung, H.-C., Choi, J., Sakai, Y., and Lee, B.-Y. (2018). Oral intake of low-molecular-weight collagen peptide improves hydration, elasticity, and wrinkling in human skin: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070826"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, S.-Y., Huang, Y.-L., Pu, C.-M., Kang, Y.-N., Hoang, K.D., Chen, K.-H., and Chen, C. (2023). Effects of oral collagen for skin anti-aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092080"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Cao, Q., Orfila, C., Zhao, J., and Zhang, L. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of astaxanthin on human skin ageing. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092917"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Li, H., Zhang, H., Ma, L., Zhang, X., and Wu, J. (2025). Effectiveness of dietary supplements for skin photoaging in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1582946"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, T.-F., Su, Z.-R., Hsieh, Y.-H., Wang, M.-F., Oe, M., Matsuoka, R., and Masuda, Y. (2021). Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles and improves dry skin: A 12-week double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072220"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13531","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13531","article-title":"Oral administration of hyaluronic acid to improve skin conditions via a randomized double-blind clinical test","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15080","article-title":"Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: Results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"176","author":"Marini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0001","article-title":"Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity","volume":"5","author":"Gueniche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanayama, M., Mori, K., Ishimoto, T., Kato, Y., and Kawai, J. (2024). Effects of an ergothioneine-rich Pleurotus sp. on skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1396783"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Adachi, M., Cui, W., Du, J., and Liu, H. (2025). Effects of continuous oral intake of DR.ERGO ergothioneine capsules on skin status: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.16.25337962"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422419000301","article-title":"The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical","volume":"33","author":"Borodina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L., Yang, K., Liang, Y., Zhu, Z., Yuan, Z., and Du, Z. (2022). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides alleviate induced atopic dermatitis in mice by regulating immune response and gut microbiota. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.944801"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.130185","article-title":"Sparassis crispa (Hanabiratake) ameliorates skin conditions in rats and humans","volume":"77","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2024.103076","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides in mushrooms","volume":"86","author":"Mizuno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00524-9","article-title":"Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Trompette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/35092620","article-title":"A new receptor for \u03b2-glucan","volume":"413","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, L., Li, J., Guo, L., Zhang, S., Chen, F., Zhu, W., and Li, Y. (2024). Genomic and transcriptome analysis reveals the biosynthesis network of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15050626"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6890","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin: A review","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.030","article-title":"Quantification of polyphenols and ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms and correlation to total antioxidant capacity","volume":"105","author":"Dubost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2012.02959.x","article-title":"Effects of extraction solvents, cooking procedures and storage conditions on the contents of ergothioneine and phenolic compounds and antioxidative capacity of the cultivated mushroom Flammulina velutipes","volume":"47","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalobos-Pezos, M., Munoz-Farina, O., Ah-Hen, K.S., Garrido-Figueroa, M.F., Garc\u00eda-Figueroa, O., Gonz\u00e1lez-Esparza, A., de Medina, L.G.-P., and Bast\u00edas-Montes, J.M. (2024). Optimization of Phenolic Content Extraction and Effects of Drying Treatments on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Properties of Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm (Oyster Mushroom). Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121581"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(07)13010-6","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds","volume":"13","author":"Boh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Annu. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.04.039","article-title":"Review of the molecular mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids: Ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y","volume":"174","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-025-00558-z","article-title":"Novel triterpenoids from Ganoderma resinaceum attenuate UV-induced photoaging via modulating Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.09.017","article-title":"Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease","volume":"1822","author":"Cheah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408624102","article-title":"Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter","volume":"102","author":"Grundemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.12.001","article-title":"The ergothioneine transporter controls and indicates ergothioneine activity\u2014A review","volume":"54","author":"Grundemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522003592","article-title":"Ergothioneine: An underrecognised dietary micronutrient required for healthy ageing?","volume":"129","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2023.9250028","article-title":"Geroprotection from ergothioneine treatment in Drosophila melanogaster by improving intestinal barrier and activation of intestinal autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150269","article-title":"Ergothioneine and mitochondria: An important protective mechanism?","volume":"726","author":"Fong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad048","article-title":"Ergothioneine and its congeners: Anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420040","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420040","article-title":"Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420046","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420046","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of edible fungus polysaccharides: A mini review","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2023.07.001","article-title":"A review: The mechanism of plant-derived polysaccharides on osteoblasts and osteoclasts","volume":"4","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420042","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420042","article-title":"Research progress on the mechanism of functional activity of edible fungi polysaccharides\u2014Focusing intestinal mucus as a key and entry point","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2023.9250032","article-title":"Nostoc commune Vauch. polysaccharide alleviates Pb-induced hepatorenal toxicity by changing gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and metabolome","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2023.9250015","article-title":"Soy polysaccharide maintains colonic homeostasis to protect from dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis by modulating gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00505.x","article-title":"Immune recognition of fungal \u03b2-glucans","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-2-25","article-title":"The effects of \u03b2-glucan on human immune and cancer cells","volume":"2","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.5.433","article-title":"Immunomodulation of fungal \u03b2-glucan in host defense signaling by dectin-1","volume":"20","author":"Batbayar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2024.12.003","article-title":"Metabolic profiles reveal the preferable consumption time of Cordyceps militaris dried products with the optimal health effects and flavors","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.09.001","article-title":"Fungal cordycepin biosynthesis is coupled with the production of the safeguard molecule pentostatin","volume":"24","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2023.07.002","article-title":"Classification and antioxidant assays of polyphenols: A review","volume":"4","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.07.004","article-title":"Ganoderma\u2014A therapeutic fungal biofactory","volume":"67","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ganoderic acid and its derivatives","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.02.019","article-title":"Spectrum-effect relationship of immunologic activity of Ganoderma lucidum by UPLC-MS\/MS and component knock-out method","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"9420111","article-title":"Sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids produced by Ganoderma species: Structural diversity, biosynthesis, organic synthesis, and bioactivities","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105865","article-title":"Effect of hot air-drying and pasteurization on ergothioneine content in edible mushrooms","volume":"126","author":"Pratti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Xie, Y., Liu, D., Liu, R., and Han, J. (2024). Effects of drying process and high hydrostatic pressure on extraction of antioxidant ergothioneine from Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060878"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamgir, K.M., Masuda, S., Fujitani, Y., Fukuda, F., and Tani, A. (2015). Production of ergothioneine by Methylobacterium species. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01185"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Han, Y., Hu, X., Gong, C., and Ren, L. (2022). Ergothioneine production by submerged fermentation of a medicinal mushroom Panus conchatus. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8090431"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2023.07.008","article-title":"Influences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on the nutritional components, flavor property and lipid-lowering effect of highland barley","volume":"4","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-01807-3","article-title":"Toward more efficient ergothioneine production using the fungal ergothioneine biosynthetic pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2024.01.003","article-title":"YaliCMulti and YaliHMulti: Stable, efficient multi-copy integration tools for engineering Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Hoek, S.A., Darbani, B., Zugaj, K.E., Prabhala, B.K., Biron, M.B., Randelovic, M., Medina, J.B., Kell, D.B., and Borodina, I. (2019). Engineering the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of L-(+)-ergothioneine. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00262"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.09.014","article-title":"Efficient ergothioneine production through reconstruction of the methyl and sulfur supply systems in Escherichia coli","volume":"44","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13639-3","article-title":"Enhancement of ergothioneine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by increasing osmotic pressure","volume":"109","author":"Takahashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13476-4","article-title":"Biosynthesis of ergothioneine: Current state, achievements, and perspectives","volume":"109","author":"Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harasym, J., Tiupova, A., and Pejcz, E. (2025). Ergothioneine: An antioxidative, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory compound from mushroom residuals. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30234621"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Cheah, I.K., Lu, Y., Huang, D., and Loo, A.E.K. (2026). Characterization of bioactive compounds in spent mushroom substrate: A metabolomic perspective on its untapped potential. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15010109"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, D., Hao, M., and Ma, A. (2026). Comparative transcriptome analyses and CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated functional study of Tfsdh1 reveal insights into the interaction between Tremella fuciformis and Annulohypoxylon stygium. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1723122"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion","volume":"14","author":"Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60702J","article-title":"A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food\u2014An international consensus","volume":"5","author":"Minekus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2015.1104241","article-title":"Intake assessment of L-ergothioneine in some European countries and in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Wesolek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Turck, D., Bresson, J.-L., Burlingame, B., Dean, T., Fairweather-Tait, S., Heinonen, M., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Mangelsdorf, I., and McArdle, H.J. (2017). Statement on the safety of synthetic L-ergothioneine as a novel food\u2014Supplementary dietary exposure and safety assessment for infants and young children, pregnant and breastfeeding women. EFSA J., 15, e05060.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5060"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagae, M., Isa, A., Ishikawa, S., Muta, S., and Shimizu, K. (2023). Effect of oral intake of Flammulina velutipes (Enokitake) on skin condition in healthy adult women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on mental and physical health. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020057"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00893","article-title":"Protective effects of Pleurotus species on UVB-induced skin disorders at clinically relevant plasma concentrations of the antioxidant ergothioneine in hairless mice","volume":"48","author":"Hanayama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.106670","article-title":"Skin-condition-improving effects of a formula containing ergothioneine, PQQ, and NR in naturally aging Asian women: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Liu, X., Guan, J., Chen, J., and Xu, X. (2024). iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of skin aging protective effects of Tremella fuciformis-derived polysaccharides on D-galactose-induced aging mice. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29215191"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.31883\/pjfns\/163612","article-title":"Effects of Tremella fuciformis-derived polysaccharides with different molecular weight on D-galactose-induced aging of mice","volume":"73","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.11.014","article-title":"Effect of polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on UV-induced photoaging","volume":"20","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Hu, X., Yao, J., Cao, W., Zou, Z., Wang, L., Qin, H., Zhong, D., Li, Y., and Xue, P. (2022). The role of short-chain fatty acids in inflammatory skin diseases. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1083432"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2023.07.004","article-title":"A review of the interaction between diet composition and gut microbiota and its impact on associated disease","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2023.9250029","article-title":"Protective effects of Bifidobacterium breve on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice through secondary bile acid production and FXR-TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00224-9","article-title":"Ergothioneine inhibits oxidative stress- and TNF-\u03b1-induced NF-\u03baB activation and interleukin-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"302","author":"Rahman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"6575","article-title":"Cordycepin modulates inflammatory and catabolic gene expression in interleukin-1\u03b2-induced human chondrocytes from advanced-stage osteoarthritis: An in vitro study","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1462","article-title":"Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2004.00241.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: Roles of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1083396","article-title":"A mushroom-derived amino acid, ergothioneine, is a potential inhibitor of inflammation-related DNA halogenation","volume":"80","author":"Asahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2022043124","article-title":"Medicinal macrofungi as cosmeceuticals: A review","volume":"24","author":"Badalyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, B., Chudzi\u0144ska, J., Szczyglewska, P., Nowak, I., and Feliczak-Guzik, A. (2023). Optimization of the composition of a cosmetic formulation containing Tremella fuciformis extract (fungi). Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10030082"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-020-0361-6","article-title":"Tremella fuciformis TFCUV5 mycelial culture-derived exopolysaccharide production and its anti-aging effects on skin cells","volume":"26","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27492","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits UVB-induced melanogenesis by antagonizing cAMP\/PKA and ROS\/MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"234","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581816653375","article-title":"A safety evaluation of a nature-identical L-ergothioneine in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"35","author":"Marone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhao, Q., Manzi, H.P., Su, L., Liu, D., Huang, X., Long, D., Tang, Z., and Zhang, Y. (2023). The benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides for health and their influence on gut microbiota: A review. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1213010"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plosca, M.-P., Chis, M.S., Farcas, A.C., and P\u0103ucean, A. (2025). Ganoderma lucidum\u2014From ancient remedies to modern applications: Chemistry, benefits, and safety. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050513"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420087","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2026.9420087","article-title":"Research progress on active components, functional characteristics and applications of edible fungi","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liu, H., Li, J., and Wang, Y. (2022). Research progress on elements of wild edible mushrooms. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090964"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucurica, I.A., Dulama, I.D., Radulescu, C., Banica, A.L., and Stanescu, S.G. (2024). Heavy metals and associated risks of wild edible mushrooms consumption: Transfer factor, carcinogenic risk, and health risk index. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10120844"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1592.2002.00252.x","article-title":"Anaphylaxis caused by the ingestion of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): Identification of allergen as mannitol","volume":"51","author":"Hegde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:50:58Z","timestamp":1788947458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15091111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15091111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}