{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:09:42Z","timestamp":1788772182150,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco smoking is an established cardiovascular risk factor and is closely associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis, as well as complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Combustion: Oxidative Stress as a Shared Pathway of Harm Across Conventional Cigarettes, Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Waterpipe Smoking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Well-Being, Health and Environmental Sustainability (BESSA), Sapienza University of Rome, 02100 Rieti, Italy"},{"name":"I Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.02.47","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation","volume":"12","author":"Gallucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV22015","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"31","author":"Ishida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.56","article-title":"Smoking and stroke: The more you smoke the more you stroke","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02116-2","article-title":"Novel nicotine and tobacco products in pediatric age: A joint position paper","volume":"51","author":"Corsello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park-Lee, E., Dutra, L.M., Cowan, H., Levine, B., Sawdey, M.D., Cooper, M., Merson, B., Valverde, R., Bradfield, B., and Lennon, J. (2026). Tobacco product use among middle and high school students in the United States: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2025. Nicotine Tob. Res.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntag116"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirelkhatim, S.M.E., Abugesiesa, M., Ali, J.O.M., Ali, L., Mohamed Sharif, A., and Ahmed, S.A.A. (2026). The Use of Oral Nicotine Pouches in Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Adolesc. Health, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2026.06.003"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02144-y","article-title":"Prevalence, risk perception, and motivations behind E-cigarettes and heated tobacco use: A cross-sectional study in Italian adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Virgili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301808","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01808-2023","article-title":"European Respiratory Society statement on novel nicotine and tobacco products, their role in tobacco control and \u201charm reduction\u201d","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001160","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping Products: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magna, A., Polisena, N., Polisena, L., Bagnato, C., Pacella, E., Carnevale, R., Nocella, C., and Loffredo, L. (2024). The Hidden Dangers: E-Cigarettes, Heated Tobacco, and Their Impact on Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis-A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of the Evidence. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111395"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munzel, T., Kuntic, M., Keaney, J.F., Lurz, J., Crea, F., Luscher, T.F., Rajagopalan, S., and Daiber, A. (2026). Nicotine-containing products and the cardiovascular system: Mechanisms and global health implications. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-026-01331-6"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1764","article-title":"Nicotine and the cardiovascular system: Unmasking a global public health threat","volume":"47","author":"Munzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bush, A., Lintowska, A., Mazur, A., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., Del Torso, S., Michaud, P.A., Doan, S., Romankevych, I., and Slaats, M. (2021). E-Cigarettes as a Growing Threat for Children and Adolescents: Position Statement From the European Academy of Paediatrics. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.698613"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1982ST","article-title":"Initiating Pharmacologic Treatment in Tobacco-Dependent Adults. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"202","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601013","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01013-2026","article-title":"Statement of the European Respiratory Society on the tobacco endgame","volume":"68","author":"Baylis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e917","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000671","article-title":"Water Pipe (Hookah) Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2021.108365","article-title":"Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer","volume":"787","author":"Caliri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, Y.S., Park, J.M., Kim, J.H., and Lee, M.Y. (2023). Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091732"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123304","article-title":"Impact of heat-not-burn cigarette passive smoking on children\u2019s oxidative stress, endothelial and platelet function","volume":"345","author":"Loffredo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-211293","article-title":"Role of NADPH oxidase-2 and oxidative stress in children exposed to passive smoking","volume":"73","author":"Loffredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215900","article-title":"Impact of chronic use of heat-not-burn cigarettes on oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation: The SUR-VAPES Chronic Study","volume":"76","author":"Loffredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2025.106151","article-title":"Effects of heated tobacco products and conventional cigarettes on oxidative stress and inflammation in alveolar macrophages","volume":"110","author":"Sul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, S., Benthien, J., Axt, P.N., Mohr, T., Mortensen, K., Weckmann, M., Dromann, D., and Franzen, K.F. (2023). Impact of Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Cigarettes on Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119432"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2024.2319315","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Pawliczak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.013","article-title":"Graphical review: The redox dark side of e-cigarettes; exposure to oxidants and public health concerns","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012","article-title":"Acute Impact of Tobacco vs Electronic Cigarette Smoking on Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function","volume":"150","author":"Carnevale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz772","article-title":"Short-term e-cigarette vapour exposure causes vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction: Evidence for a close connection to brain damage and a key role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX-2)","volume":"41","author":"Kuntic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1668271","article-title":"Waterpipe smoking: The pressing need for risk communication","volume":"13","author":"Maziak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2012.10.013","article-title":"The waterpipe: An emerging global risk for cancer","volume":"37","author":"Maziak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14872","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014872","article-title":"The relationship between smoking and stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5855","article-title":"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: Meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports","volume":"360","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00737-2","article-title":"Gut-derived low-grade endotoxaemia, atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Violi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133789","article-title":"Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs vascular and microvascular function","volume":"441","author":"Celik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.03.135","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of waterpipe smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Vukadinovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467213666201223121322","article-title":"Water Pipe Tobacco Smoking and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Morovatdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e20240216","article-title":"Effects of vaping on kidney function: A systematic review on acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease","volume":"47","author":"Nogueira","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beegam, S., Al-Salam, S., Zaaba, N.E., Elzaki, O., Ali, B.H., and Nemmar, A. (2024). Effects of Waterpipe Smoke Exposure on Experimentally Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010585"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.09.040","article-title":"Diagnosis and Acute Management of E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review","volume":"228","author":"Gonsalves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200756","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0756","article-title":"Demographics, Substance Use Behaviors, and Clinical Characteristics of Adolescents With e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) in the United States in 2019","volume":"174","author":"Adkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2020.1270","article-title":"Improvement in Pulmonary Function Following Discontinuation of Vaping or E-Cigarette Use in Adolescents with EVALI","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:33:13Z","timestamp":1788769993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15091131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15091131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}