{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:05:24Z","timestamp":1789981524911,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salinity disrupts plant redox balance, ion homeostasis, and water relations, and exogenous polyamines have been widely investigated as potential mitigators of these effects. However, it remains unclear which polyamine-mediated responses are reproducible across independent studies and whether redox protection consistently translates into downstream physiological recovery. We therefore conducted an integrated systematic review, evidence map, and publication-family-aware quantitative synthesis to evaluate the effects of exogenous putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in salt-stressed plants. We systematically searched Scopus and Web of Science through 9 August 2026, and eligible studies compared exogenous-polyamine-treated plants with corresponding salt-stressed controls. The review was not prospectively registered. Of 1093 records, 647 unique records were screened, and 179 reports were assessed in full text, yielding 34 retained reports and 444 complete quantitative contrasts. Multilevel random-effects models estimated reductions of 19.2% in malondialdehyde (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.9\u201325.1%) and 25.6% in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 95% CI, 15.5\u201334.6%). Superoxide showed a protective mean response but remained uncertain because its 95% CI included the null. In contrast, antioxidant-enzyme responses varied widely across studies, with no consistent cross-family increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), or peroxidase (POD\/POX) activity. Conservative independent-family syntheses supported favorable ion balance, modestly higher relative water content, and greater dry biomass, whereas total chlorophyll remained uncertain and net photosynthesis was highly heterogeneous. No clear superiority of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine was detected. Overall, exogenous polyamines most consistently reduced oxidative damage and stabilized ion\u2013water homeostasis, whereas antioxidant\u2013enzyme activity and photosynthetic recovery were more context-dependent. Interpretation is limited by small independent-family counts, incomplete reporting in some studies, and the absence of a formal study-level risk-of-bias assessment. By integrating systematic review, evidence mapping, and family-aware quantitative synthesis, this review provides an evidence-based hierarchy that distinguishes reproducible polyamine-mediated responses from context-dependent outcomes and helps define priorities for future salinity-tolerance research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous Polyamines and Plant Salinity Tolerance: A Systematic Review, Evidence Map, and Family-Aware Quantitative Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1937-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Everthon da Silva","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0704-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshik Iarley da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester dos Santos","family":"Co\u00ealho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jucilene Jesus","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6363-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriel Sousa Matos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8380-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Henrique de Almeida","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8518-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aftab","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lio Paes","family":"Barros J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.04.032","article-title":"Polyamines prevent NaCl-induced K+ efflux from pea mesophyll by blocking non-selective cation channels","volume":"581","author":"Shabala","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.17221\/312\/2023-PSE","article-title":"Putrescine improves salt tolerance of wheat seedlings by regulating ascorbate and glutathione metabolism, photosynthetic performance, and ion homeostasis","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Soil 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