{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:07:54Z","timestamp":1789981674054,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["P202224WKC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202224WKC"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["P20225CP77"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20225CP77"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["CUP E53D23018120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP E53D23018120001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378140"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["P202224WKC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202224WKC"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P20225CP77"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20225CP77"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CUP E53D23018120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP E53D23018120001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378140"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and the blood plasma accumulation of neurofilament light chain (NfL) are key markers for tracking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression. Based on recent studies indicating that dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may boost antioxidant enzyme activity in ALS patients, in this study, ALSFRS-R scores (and subscores), NfL and thiol-bound protein (P-SH) levels, and intracellular activity of antioxidant enzymes (G6PD and GSR) were measured in ALS patients after 6 months (T6) of treatment with riluzole (R) or riluzole + CLA (R + CLA); we also investigated the correlations between these markers. At baseline (T0), G6PD activity in the R group was positively correlated with ALSFRS-R score (p &lt; 0.001), whereas plasma P-SH levels in the R + CLA group were inversely correlated with ALSFRS-R score (p = 0.033). No significant baseline association was found between NfL levels and total ALSFRS-R score in the R group. At six months (T6), GSR and G6PD activities in the R + CLA group were significantly higher than in the R group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between plasma NfL levels and ALSFRS-R total score emerged at T6 exclusively in the R group (p = 0.002). Subscore analysis at T6 showed that plasma NfL levels negatively correlated with bulbar function in both groups (R: p = 0.010; R + CLA: p = 0.020) and with fine motor function in the R group (p = 0.031); whereas no significant correlation was observed for the respiratory subscore in either treatment group. These findings are consistent with an enhanced antioxidant activity associated with CLA supplementation. Overall, these preliminary exploratory results suggest that systemic redox biomarkers and plasma NfL may provide complementary, non-redundant information on distinct aspects of ALS pathobiology, though their precise temporal and mechanistic interactions require confirmation by dedicated longitudinal studies. The need for the combined use of neurodegeneration and oxidative-stress biomarkers for monitoring the progression of ALS is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Redox Marker Profiles and Neuroaxonal Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoo","family":"Sharbafshaaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, First Division of Neurology and Neuro-Physiopathology, AOU University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vavitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Cortini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences and Bio-Resources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Biscardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences and Bio-Resources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Notariale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, First Division of Neurology and Neuro-Physiopathology, AOU University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Mesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Zucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Mandrioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tessitore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, First Division of Neurology and Neuro-Physiopathology, AOU University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vavitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bergamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences and Bio-Resources, National Research Council (CNR-IBBR), 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Trojsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, First Division of Neurology and Neuro-Physiopathology, AOU University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vavitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.71","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Hardiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1603471","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"377","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20413","article-title":"Decoding ALS: From genes to mechanism","volume":"539","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00414-2","article-title":"Emerging insights into the complex genetics and pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Goutman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.018","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ALS: Key role in motor neuron injury and therapeutic target","volume":"48","author":"Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.07.055","article-title":"Pathways to mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis","volume":"483","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.029","article-title":"Clinical perspective on oxidative stress in ALS","volume":"65","author":"Santella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.029058","article-title":"Modelling ALS: Progress and possibilities","volume":"10","author":"Robberecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30394-6","article-title":"Immune dysregulation in ALS: Mechanisms and emerging therapies","volume":"18","author":"Beers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.284","article-title":"Panel of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in ALS: A pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Blasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1236","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival","volume":"17","author":"Stanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014753","article-title":"Transcription factor NRF2 as a therapeutic target for chronic diseases: A systems medicine approach","volume":"70","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818b4906","article-title":"Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidative response element signaling pathway in motor cortex and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Sarlette","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13574","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4099-08.2008","article-title":"Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects against neu-rodegeneration in mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Vargas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh503","article-title":"Mutant SOD1 alters the motor neuronal transcriptome: Implications for familial ALS","volume":"128","author":"Kirby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.07.006","article-title":"Deficiency in the transcription factor NRF2 worsens inflammatory parameters in a mouse model with combined tauopathy and amyloidopathy","volume":"18","author":"Rojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.022","article-title":"NRF2 as a therapeutic opportunity to impact in the molecular roadmap of ALS","volume":"173","author":"Ferraiuolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028","article-title":"The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes in the cellular redox homeostasis network","volume":"95","author":"Couto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101925","article-title":"Crosslinking of human plasma C-reactive protein to human serum albumin via disulfide bond oxidation","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5021694","article-title":"Oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Pathophysiology and opportunities for pharmacological intervention","volume":"2020","author":"Montezinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.050","article-title":"The thiol pool in human plasma: The central contribution of albumin to redox processes","volume":"65","author":"Turell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac394","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain in drug development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A critical appraisal","volume":"146","author":"Benatar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.10.015","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid values of advanced oxidation protein products and total thiol content in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"163","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.01.009","article-title":"Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in the erythrocytes of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients correlates with the progression of disease","volume":"52","author":"Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.02.004","article-title":"Time course of oxidant markers and antioxidant defenses in subgroups of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"56","author":"Cova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318704","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain in serum for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Verde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009559","article-title":"Validation of serum neurofilaments as prognostic and potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for ALS","volume":"95","author":"Benatar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daponte, A., Koros, C., Skarlis, C., Siozios, D., Rentzos, M., Papageorgiou, S.G., and Anagnostouli, M. (2025). Neurofilament biomarkers in neurology: From neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration, bridging established and novel analytical advances with clinical practice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199739"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-023-00758-9","article-title":"The effect of conjugated linoleic acids on inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition and physical performance: A comprehensive review of putative molecular mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Putera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.501409","article-title":"Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health","volume":"52","author":"Dilzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.015","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the hormetic effect of conjugated linoleic acid: Focus on Nrf2, mitochondria and NADPH oxidases","volume":"167","author":"Cristofano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.023","article-title":"Phase 2 enzyme induction by conjugated linoleic acid improves lupus-associated oxidative stress","volume":"43","author":"Bergamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.027","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid downregulates Alzheimer\u2019s hallmarks in an aluminum mouse model through an NRF2-mediated adaptive response and increases brain glucose transporter levels","volume":"191","author":"Cuciniello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2026.03.067","article-title":"Supplementation withconjugated linoleic acid ameliorates the level of some Nrf2-activated systemic markers in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A proof-of-principle study","volume":"250","author":"Biscardi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.235952","article-title":"PARALS Study Group. Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A population-based study","volume":"82","author":"Calvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","article-title":"The ALSFRS-R: A revised ALS functional 507 rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III)","volume":"169","author":"Cedarbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000493986","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilaments may discriminate upper motor neuron syndromes: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Zucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27054","article-title":"Population-based evidence for the use of serum neurofilaments as individual diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Witzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1256","article-title":"Quantification of blood glial fibrillary acidic protein using a second-generation microfluidic assay: Validation and comparative analysis with two established assays","volume":"62","author":"Fazeli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Moving past NfL? Multibiomarker models for ALS prognosis and stratification","volume":"96","author":"Malaspina","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25276","article-title":"Neurofilament light: A candidate biomarker of presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and phenoconversion","volume":"84","author":"Benatar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0008-x","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of the NRF2 and KEAP1 partnership in chronic diseases","volume":"18","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslanbaeva, L., and Bisaglia, M. (2022). Activation of the Nrf2 pathway as a therapeutic strategy for ALS treatment. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051471"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:50:42Z","timestamp":1789980642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15091194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15091194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]}}}