{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:14:21Z","timestamp":1790957661820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) causes oxidative stress, which compromises broiler performance and meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary antioxidants could be used as an amelioration strategy. Seventy-two day-old-male Ross-308 chicks were exposed to either thermoneutral or cyclical heat stress conditions. Diets were either control commercial diet (CON), CON plus betaine (BET), or with a combination of betaine, selenized yeast, and vitamin E (BET + AOX). Heat stress increased the rectal temperature (p &lt; 0.001), respiration rate (p &lt; 0.001), decreased blood pCO2 (p = 0.002), and increased blood pH (p = 0.02), which indicated the HS broilers had respiratory alkalosis. Final body weight was decreased by HS (p &lt; 0.001), whereas it was improved with BET (p = 0.05). Heat stress reduced cooking loss (p = 0.007) and no effect on drip loss, while BET decreased the drip loss (p = 0.01). Heat stress reduced the myofibril fragmentation index (p &lt; 0.001) and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (p &lt; 0.001), while these were improved with the combination of BET + AOX (p = 0.003). In conclusion, BET overall improved growth rates and product quality in this small university study, whereas some additional benefits were provided by AOX on product quality in both TN and HS broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Growth Performance and Characterization of Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Betaine and Antioxidants under Cyclic Heat Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Shakeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1899-2090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feedworks Pty Ltd., Romsey, VIC 3434, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8649-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hieu H.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz A. R.","family":"Suleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn D.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank R.","family":"Dunshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1071\/CP11169","article-title":"Livestock production in a changing climate: Adaptation and mitigation research in Australia","volume":"63","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111002448","article-title":"Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production","volume":"6","author":"Renaudeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heatexposure in broiler chickens: Growth performance, body composition and energy retention","volume":"75","author":"Geraert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.813","article-title":"Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens fed 20 or 25% protein diets","volume":"130","author":"Temim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2010.07.001","article-title":"Effects of heat exposure on Akt\/S6K1 signaling and expression of genes related to protein and energy metabolism in chicken (Gallus gallus) pectoralis major muscle","volume":"157","author":"Ezzine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.11.1867","article-title":"Effects of temperature during rearing and crating on stress parameters and meat quality of broilers","volume":"85","author":"Yalcin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02544559","article-title":"Lipid oxidation in meat and meat products\u2014A review","volume":"48","author":"Love","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12331","article-title":"Myofibril fragmentation index as an immediate postmortem predictor of Buffalo meat tenderness","volume":"39","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8739","article-title":"Heat stress impairs mitochondria functions and induces oxidative injury in broiler chickens","volume":"93","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1071\/AN13303","article-title":"Potential nutritional strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature in cattle\u2013A review","volume":"54","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.02.007","article-title":"Effects of infusing nitric oxide donors and inhibitors on plasma metabolites, muscle lactate production and meat quality in lambs fed a high quality roughage-based diet","volume":"105","author":"Cottrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.539","article-title":"Betaine in human nutrition","volume":"80","author":"Craig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2012.728283","article-title":"Betaine: A promising antioxidant agent for enhancement of broiler meat quality","volume":"53","author":"Alirezaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-015-0360-0","article-title":"Beneficial antioxidant properties of betaine against oxidative stress mediated by levodopa\/benserazide in the brain of rats","volume":"65","author":"Alirezaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakeri, M., Cottrell, J.J., Wilkinson, S., Ringuet, M., Furness, J., and Dunshea, F.R. (2018). Betaine and Antioxidants Improve Growth Performance, Breast Muscle Development and Ameliorate Thermoregulatory Responses to Cyclic Heat Exposure in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8100162"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725379","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/725379","article-title":"Alleviation of carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis by betaine supplementation in chickens","volume":"2015","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12384","article-title":"Amelioration of thermal stress impacts in dairy cows","volume":"53","author":"Dunshea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1071\/AR04029","article-title":"Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars","volume":"55","author":"Suster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2008.78.84","article-title":"Effects of betaine supplementation to methionine deficient diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9256-9","article-title":"Recovery from adverse effects of heat stress on slow-growing chicks in the tropics 1: Effect of ascorbic acid and different levels of betaine","volume":"41","author":"Attia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00761","article-title":"Effect of different sources and levels of selenium on performance, meat quality, and tissue characteristics of broilers","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00977","article-title":"Influence of dietary nano elemental selenium on growth performance, tissue selenium distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase activity in Guangxi Yellow chicken","volume":"90","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2008-00017","article-title":"Effect of selenium sources on performance and meat characteristics of broiler chickens","volume":"18","author":"Nollet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660400006495","article-title":"Selenium supplementation affects broiler growth performance, meat yield and feather coverage","volume":"45","author":"Choct","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00216","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation alleviates the oxidative stress induced by dexamethasone treatment and improves meat quality in broiler chickens","volume":"89","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2001.00339.x","article-title":"Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on performance, digestion of nutrients and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails reared under chronic heat stress (34C)","volume":"85","author":"Sahin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12079","article-title":"Effect of dietary vitamin E on broiler meat qualities, color, water-holding capacity and shear force value, under heat stress conditions","volume":"84","author":"Hashizawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Aviagen Broiler Breeders (2009). Ross Broiler Management Manual, Aviagen."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"NRC (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1978.tb15263.x","article-title":"Relationship of myofibril fragmentation index to certain chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of bovine longissimus muscle","volume":"43","author":"Culler","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(87)90056-8","article-title":"Effect of post-mortem storage on Ca++-dependent proteases, their inhibitor and myofibril fragmentation","volume":"19","author":"Koohmaraie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.9.1937","article-title":"Simple method for the routine determination of betaine and N, N-dimethylglycine in blood and urine","volume":"44","author":"Laryea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2002.1011","article-title":"Dietary conjugated linoleic acid can decrease backfat in pigs housed under commercial conditions","volume":"15","author":"Dunshea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12372","article-title":"Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress","volume":"86","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"237","article-title":"Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on productive, physiological and immunological performance and carcass characteristic of growing developed chicks uinder the condition of heat stress","volume":"35","author":"Nofal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.21071\/az.v64i248.418","article-title":"Periods of heat stress during the growing affects negatively the performance and carcass yield of broilers","volume":"64","author":"Mello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00410-X","article-title":"Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks","volume":"130","author":"Kettunen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02035-0","article-title":"Organic osmolytes betaine, sorbitol and inositol are potent inhibitors of erythrocyte membrane ATPases","volume":"71","author":"Moeckel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"107","article-title":"Heat stress in livestock\u2014The role of the gut in its aetiology and a potential role for betaine in its alleviation","volume":"15","author":"Cronje","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rec. Adv. Anim. Nutr. Aust."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1146-y","article-title":"Energy sources and levels influenced on performance parameters, thyroid hormones, and HSP70 gene expression of broiler chickens under heat stress","volume":"48","author":"Raghebian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01717.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria","volume":"55","author":"Schwahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200493","article-title":"Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock","volume":"18","author":"Eklund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00594","article-title":"The effects of water replacement by oral rehydration fluids with or without betaine supplementation on performance, acid-base balance, and water retention of heat-stressed broiler chickens","volume":"90","author":"Sayed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7921","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b03592","article-title":"Antioxidant mechanism of betaine without free radical scavenging ability","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0941-1","article-title":"Alleviation of chronic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of betaine and turmeric rhizome powder: Dynamics of performance, leukocyte profile, humoral immunity, and antioxidant status","volume":"48","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2005.856.865","article-title":"Growth, carcass quality and serum constituents of slow growing chicks as affected by betaine addition to diets containing 2. Different levels of methionine","volume":"4","author":"Attia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"14","article-title":"Betaine for increased breast meat yield in turkeys","volume":"17","author":"Remus","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Poult."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/713654938","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and their different combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers","volume":"41","author":"Swain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0404-6","article-title":"Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on growth performance, meat yield, and selenium content and lipid oxidation of breast meat of broilers reared under heat stress","volume":"169","author":"Habibian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"264","article-title":"Fatty acid profile of breast muscle of broiler chickens fed diets with different levels of selenium and vitamin E","volume":"75","author":"Gruzauskas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Geflugelkd."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02397","article-title":"Effect of different levels of dietary vitamin E (DL-\u03b1-tocopherol acetate) on the occurrence of various degrees of white striping on broiler breast fillets","volume":"91","author":"Kuttappan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.9.1551","article-title":"Physiological responses of broiler chickens to heat stress and dietary electrolyte balance (sodium plus potassium minus chloride, milliequivalents per kilogram)","volume":"83","author":"Borges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0740075","article-title":"Potassium chloride improves the thermotolerance of chickens exposed to acute heat stress","volume":"74","author":"Garlich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0660487","article-title":"Potassium balance of the 5 to 8-week-old broiler exposed to constant heat or cycling high temperature stress and the effects of supplemental potassium chloride on body weight gain and feed efficiency","volume":"66","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0641060","article-title":"Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis: Occurrence and treatment in broiler chicks","volume":"64","author":"Teeter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"145","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters in broilers","volume":"24","author":"Altan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0134-6","article-title":"Dietary selenium augments sarcoplasmic calcium release and mechanical performance in mice","volume":"13","author":"Ruzsnavszky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"599","article-title":"Histopathological alterations of selenium toxicity induced in broiler (Birds)","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1989.0104","article-title":"An allometric study of pulmonary morphometric parameters in birds, with mammalian comparisons","volume":"326","author":"Maina","year":"1989","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(98)00045-X","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperatures on blood viscosity and plasma protein concentration of broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Zhou, W.T. (1998, January 4\u20137). Heat-induced the shift of body fluid in broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 6th Asian Pacific Poultry Congress, Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Billett, H.H. (1990). Hemoglobin and hematocrit. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, Butterworths. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00128","article-title":"Transport stress in broilers: I. Blood metabolism, glycolytic potential, and meat quality","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Tao, X., Dong, H., Zhang, Z., and Xin, H. (2005, January 18\u201320). Daily variation of thyroid hormones in broiler under high-temperature conditions. Proceedings of the Livestock Environment VII, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"562","article-title":"Thyroid hormones investigation under heat stress in broilers administered with probiotic (BIO-SAF) and prebiotic (BIO-MOS)","volume":"3","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2014.13789","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of betaine and ascorbic acid administration to broiler chickens during the hot-dry season in Zaria: A review","volume":"13","author":"Ayo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02589","article-title":"Genetic variations alter production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens","volume":"92","author":"Mack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00728","article-title":"Reproductive hormones, hepatic deiodinase messenger ribonucleic acid, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in hypothalamus in the heat stress-induced or chemically induced hypothyroid laying hen","volume":"89","author":"Elnagar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00143","article-title":"Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 2. Endocrine and oxidative stress responses","volume":"87","author":"Star","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(80)90123-9","article-title":"The effect of acute cold and warm ambient temperatures on the thyroid hormone concentration in blood plasma, blood supply, and oxygen consumption in Japanese quail","volume":"40","author":"Bobek","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(92)90641-3","article-title":"The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"101","author":"Mitchell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp. Bochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2001125","article-title":"Effects of grass feeding systems on ruminant meat colour and flavour. A review","volume":"50","author":"Priolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey176","article-title":"Effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation on meat quality characteristics of breast muscle from broilers exposed to chronic heat stress","volume":"97","author":"Cramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.4.418","article-title":"Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality","volume":"80","author":"Sandercock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04428","article-title":"Chronic heat stress impairs the quality of breast-muscle meat in broilers by affecting redox status and energy-substance metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"873","article-title":"Poultry meat quality in relation to muscle growth and muscle fiber characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1071\/EA05155","article-title":"Acute stress induced by the preslaughter use of electric prodders causes tougher beef meat","volume":"47","author":"Warner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1071\/AN13418","article-title":"Dietary betaine supplementation has energy-sparing effects in feedlot cattle during summer, particularly in those without access to shade","volume":"54","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00358","article-title":"Effects of high temperature on multiple parameters of broilers in vitro and in vivo","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02255","article-title":"Effects of constant and cyclic heat stress on muscle metabolism and meat quality of broiler breast fillet and thigh meat","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2016.81.95","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on meat, egg quality, immunity and fertility in poultry and nutritional factors that overcome these effects: A review","volume":"15","author":"Fouad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew329","article-title":"Effect of acute heat stress and slaughter processing on poultry meat quality and postmortem carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew359","article-title":"Effects of betaine on biological functions in meat-type ducks exposed to heat stress","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew481","article-title":"Impact of maternal heat stress in conjunction with dietary zinc supplementation on hatchability, embryonic development, and growth performance in offspring broilers","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2008.70395","article-title":"Effects of hot environment and dietary protein level on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens","volume":"21","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1071\/EA00024","article-title":"Meat quality and the calpain system of feedlot steers following a single generation of divergent selection for residual feed intake","volume":"41","author":"McDonagh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2016.09.010","article-title":"Impact of high oxygen and vacuum retail ready packaging formats on lamb loin and topside eating quality","volume":"123","author":"Frank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.010025","article-title":"Effect of chronic heat stress on performance and oxidative damage in different strains of chickens","volume":"47","author":"Azad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.439","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative damage in chicken skeletal muscle induced by acute heat stress","volume":"44","author":"Mujahid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.17221\/358-CJAS","article-title":"Effect of dietary selenium on lipid oxidation, selenium and vitamin E content in the meat of broiler chickens","volume":"53","author":"Skrivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Czech. J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/8\/9\/336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:13:13Z","timestamp":1760188393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/8\/9\/336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox8090336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8090336","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]}}}