{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:59:04Z","timestamp":1790949544389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1 D1A1B03932501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1 D1A1B03932501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is directly exposed to the polluted atmospheric environment, and skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris, can be induced or exacerbated by airborne particulate matter (PM). PM can also promote premature skin aging with its accompanying functional and morphological changes. PM-induced skin diseases and premature skin aging are largely mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the harmful effects of PM may be ameliorated by safe and effective natural antioxidants. Experimental studies have shown that the extracts and phenolic compounds derived from many plants, such as cocoa, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and some marine algae, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on PM-exposed cells. The phenolic compounds can decrease the levels of ROS in cells and\/or enhance cellular antioxidant capacity and, thereby, can attenuate PM-induced oxidative damage to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. They also lower the levels of cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, prostaglandins, and matrix metalloproteinases implicated in cellular inflammatory responses to PM. Although there is still much research to be done, current studies in this field suggest that plant-derived phenolic compounds may have a protective effect on skin exposed to high levels of air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1567998881000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Can Plant Phenolic Compounds Protect the Skin from Airborne Particulate Matter?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Chool","family":"Boo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.068","article-title":"Generation of hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen by particulate matter and its inorganic components","volume":"238","author":"Mikrut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.05.003","article-title":"Proteome-wide changes in primary skin keratinocytes exposed to diesel particulate extract\u2014A role for antioxidants in skin health","volume":"91","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.12.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of aging and development\u2014A new understanding of environmental damage to the skin and prevention with topical antioxidants","volume":"172","author":"Burke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.5.9498","article-title":"Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-011-8181-5","article-title":"Modulation of Nrf2\/ARE pathway by food polyphenols: A nutritional neuroprotective strategy for cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"44","author":"Scapagnini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2015.1129530","article-title":"Nrf2 as molecular target for polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"53","author":"Nabavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160418115540","article-title":"Management of Inflammation by Natural Polyphenols: A Comprehensive Mechanistic Update","volume":"23","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432797","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?","volume":"2016","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02213.x","article-title":"Air pollution: Impact and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Teran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y.Y., Wang, Q., and Liu, T. (2017). Toxicity Research of PM2.5 Compositions In Vitro. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030232"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced health effects: Who is susceptible?","volume":"119","author":"Sacks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air: A review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_55","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 Exposure and Mortality Due to Lung Cancer and Cardiopulmonary Diseases in Polish Cities","volume":"944","author":"Badyda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Treat. Prev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.01.034","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM10) exposure induces endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in rat brain","volume":"213","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp032","article-title":"Are the short-term effects of air pollution restricted to cardiorespiratory diseases?","volume":"169","author":"Larrieu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5712","article-title":"The temporal pattern of respiratory and heart disease mortality in response to air pollution","volume":"111","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0139","article-title":"Potential Importance of Ozone in the Association Between Outdoor Air Pollution and Dry Eye Disease in South Korea","volume":"134","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13250","article-title":"Recognizing the impact of ambient air pollution on skin health","volume":"29","author":"Mancebo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.199579","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review","volume":"83","author":"Puri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00759","article-title":"Environmental Stressors on Skin Aging. Mechanistic Insights","volume":"10","author":"Parrado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2011.564236","article-title":"Eczema increases susceptibility to PM10 in office indoor environments","volume":"67","author":"Bakke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.09.023","article-title":"The role of air pollutants in atopic dermatitis","volume":"134","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.04.015","article-title":"Urban particulate matter in air pollution penetrates into the barrier-disrupted skin and produces ROS-dependent cutaneous inflammatory response in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.01.011","article-title":"The impact of urban particulate pollution on skin barrier function and the subsequent drug absorption","volume":"78","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.010","article-title":"Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323","article-title":"Pollution and acne: Is there a link?","volume":"10","author":"Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000484482","article-title":"A Time-Series Study of the Effect of Air Pollution on Outpatient Visits for Acne Vulgaris in Beijing","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.204","article-title":"Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging","volume":"130","author":"Vierkotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.Y., Byun, E.J., Lee, J.D., Kim, S., and Kim, H.S. (2018). Air Pollution, Autophagy, and Skin Aging: Impact of Particulate Matter (PM10) on Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092727"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"337","article-title":"Pollution as a risk factor for the development of melasma and other skin disorders of facial hyperpigmentation is there a case to be made?","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.01.007","article-title":"Photo-pollution stress in skin: Traces of pollutants (PAH and particulate matter) impair redox homeostasis in keratinocytes exposed to UVA1","volume":"86","author":"Soeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datzmann, T., Markevych, I., Trautmann, F., Heinrich, J., Schmitt, J., and Tesch, F. (2018). Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: A semi-individual cohort study. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5615-2"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv230","article-title":"Skin Damage Mechanisms Related to Airborne Particulate Matter Exposure","volume":"149","author":"Magnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2197-9","article-title":"Particulate matter 2.5 damages skin cells by inducing oxidative stress, subcellular organelle dysfunction, and apoptosis","volume":"92","author":"Piao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecorelli, A., Woodby, B., Prieux, R., and Valacchi, G. (2019). Involvement of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in pollution-induced skin damage. Biofactors.","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1513"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27995","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27995","article-title":"Urban particulate matter down-regulates filaggrin via COX2 expression\/PGE2 production leading to skin barrier dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.03.039","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.10.016","article-title":"Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification","volume":"224","author":"Lushchak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1224259","article-title":"Endogenous mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation","volume":"70","author":"Sarniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Doswiadczalnej"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21413","article-title":"Air pollutants cause release of hydrogen peroxide and interleukin-8 in a human primary nasal tissue culture model","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2005","article-title":"The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"87","author":"Bedard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.181610","article-title":"NADPH oxidases: Functions and pathologies in the vasculature","volume":"30","author":"Lassegue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"232","article-title":"Chocolate, Air Pollution and Children\u2019s Neuroprotection: What Cognition Tools should be at Hand to Evaluate Interventions?","volume":"7","author":"Frias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2017.21.3.327","article-title":"Dust particles-induced intracellular Ca2+ signaling and reactive Oxygen species in lung fibroblast cell line MRC5","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00150-3","article-title":"Oxidative stress and calcium signaling in the adverse effects of environmental particles (PM10)","volume":"34","author":"Donaldson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"57","article-title":"Role of Dual Oxidase 2 in Reactive Oxygen Species Production Induced by Airborne Particulate Matter PM10 in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"45","author":"Seok","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Sci. Korea"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12808","article-title":"Dual oxidase 2 is essential for house dust mite-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human keratinocytes","volume":"24","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gev025","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of urban particulate matter in mammalian cells","volume":"30","author":"Tate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv229","article-title":"The Role of MAPK Pathways in Airborne Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Upregulation of Endothelin Receptors in Rat Basilar Arteries","volume":"149","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13943","article-title":"Particulate matter induces pro-inflammatory cytokines via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK possibly leading to dermal inflammaging","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101080","article-title":"Particulate matter induces inflammatory cytokine production via activation of NFkappaB by TLR5-NOX4-ROS signaling in human skin keratinocyte and mouse skin","volume":"21","author":"Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.11.007","article-title":"Keratinocytes oxidative damage mechanisms related to airbone particle matter exposure","volume":"172","author":"Romani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.01.016","article-title":"An in vitro model to evaluate the impact of environmental fine particles (PM0.3-2.5) on skin damage","volume":"305","author":"Verdin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.07.026","article-title":"In vitro model adapted to the study of skin ageing induced by air pollution","volume":"259","author":"Lecas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6836080","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6836080","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract in THP-1 Cells Exposed to Particulate Matter PM10","volume":"2016","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montiel-Davalos, A., Silva Sanchez, G.J., Huerta-Garcia, E., Rueda-Romero, C., Soca Chafre, G., Mitre-Aguilar, I.B., Alfaro-Moreno, E., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., and Lopez-Marure, R. (2017). Curcumin inhibits activation induced by urban particulate material or titanium dioxide nanoparticles in primary human endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188169"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2015.06.001","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM10) induces metalloprotease activity and invasion in airway epithelial cells","volume":"237","author":"Chirino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.024","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of alginic acid from Sargassum horneri against urban aerosol-induced inflammatory responses in keratinocytes and macrophages","volume":"160","author":"Fernando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer, M.D., Busquests-Cortes, C., Capo, X., Tejada, S., Tur, J.A., Pons, A., and Sureda, A. (2018). Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Curr. Med. Chem.","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180514112124"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.044","article-title":"Prostaglandin terminal synthases as novel therapeutic targets","volume":"93","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.083","article-title":"Eupafolin nanoparticle improves acute renal injury induced by LPS through inhibiting ROS and inflammation","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, J.W., Song, H., Hong, S.S., and Boo, Y.C. (2019). Marine Alga Ecklonia cava Extract and Dieckol Attenuate Prostaglandin E2 Production in HaCaT Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8060190"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3614","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR links atopic dermatitis and air pollution via induction of the neurotrophic factor artemin","volume":"18","author":"Hidaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.08.012","article-title":"Ethyl 2,4-dicarboethoxy pantothenate, a derivative of pantothenic acid, prevents cellular damage initiated by environmental pollutants through Nrf2 activation","volume":"92","author":"Yokota","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7943495","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7943495","article-title":"Antioxidant Functions of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor","volume":"2016","author":"Dietrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem. Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2009.138","article-title":"The mammalian aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor: From mediator of dioxin toxicity toward physiological functions in skin and liver","volume":"390","author":"Bock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2017","article-title":"The KEAP1-NRF2 System: A Thiol-Based Sensor-Effector Apparatus for Maintaining Redox Homeostasis","volume":"98","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415813-9.00003-9","article-title":"Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments","volume":"112","author":"Croom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.037259","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor sans xenobiotics: Endogenous function in genetic model systems","volume":"72","author":"McMillan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.002","article-title":"Eupafolin ameliorates COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in particulate pollutants-exposed human keratinocytes through ROS\/MAPKs pathways","volume":"189","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S109062","article-title":"Eupafolin nanoparticles protect HaCaT keratinocytes from particulate matter-induced inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S153323","article-title":"Preparation, characterizations and anti-pollutant activity of 7,3\u2032,4\u2032-trihydroxyisoflavone nanoparticles in particulate matter-induced HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.05.015","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits urban particulate matter-induced COX-2\/PGE2 release in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the inhibition of activation of NADPH oxidase\/ROS\/NF-kappaB","volume":"88","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effects of Resveratrol and Resveratryl Triacetate on The Inflammatory Responses of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter PM10","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Sci. Korea"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000487400","article-title":"Punicalagin and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Rescue Cell Viability and Attenuate Inflammatory Responses of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Airborne Particulate Matter PM10","volume":"31","author":"Seok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.029","article-title":"Protective effect of green tea catechin against urban fine dust particle-induced skin aging by regulation of NF-kappaB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling pathways","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"8248323","article-title":"Ecklonia cava Extract and Dieckol Attenuate Cellular Lipid Peroxidation in Keratinocytes Exposed to PM10","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, A.X., Hyun, Y.J., Piao, M.J., Fernando, P., Kang, K.A., Ahn, M.J., Yi, J.M., Kang, H.K., Koh, Y.S., and Lee, N.H. (2019). Eckol Inhibits Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Skin Keratinocyte Damage via MAPK Signaling Pathway. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080444"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"2516","article-title":"Afzelin suppresses proinflammatory responses in particulate matter-exposed human keratinocytes","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.025","article-title":"Astragali Radix and its compound formononetin ameliorate diesel particulate matter-induced skin barrier disruption by regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"228","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2010.09.002","article-title":"Urban air pollution produces up-regulation of myocardial inflammatory genes and dark chocolate provides cardioprotection","volume":"64","author":"Reed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"541","article-title":"The effects of Eucheuma cottonii on alveolar macrophages and malondialdehyde levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in chronically particulate matter 10 coal dust-exposed rats","volume":"17","author":"Saputri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, A.X., Piao, M.J., Hyun, Y.J., Kang, K.A., Madushan Fernando, P.D.S., Cho, S.J., Ahn, M.J., and Hyun, J.W. (2019). Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol Attenuates Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Subcellular Skin Dysfunction. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17020095"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Son, D., Shin, S., Park, D., Byun, S., and Jung, E. (2019). Protective effects of Camellia japonica flower extract against urban air pollutants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2405-4"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","article-title":"Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708786369564","article-title":"Flavonoids: Prospective drug candidates","volume":"8","author":"Cazarolli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"521","article-title":"Flavonoids in foods: A review","volume":"10","author":"Terahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0963-9969(00)00068-5","article-title":"Review on polyphenols in Theobroma cacao: Changes in composition during the manufacture of chocolate and methodology for identification and quantification","volume":"33","author":"Wollgast","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadiz-Gurrea, M.D., Borras-Linares, I., Lozano-Sanchez, J., Joven, J., Fernandez-Arroyo, S., and Segura-Carretero, A. (2017). Cocoa and Grape Seed Byproducts as a Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Proanthocyanidins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020376"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.2057S","article-title":"Food of the gods: Cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate","volume":"130","author":"Dillinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13087","article-title":"Cutaneous Photoprotective Activity of a Short-term Ingestion of High-Flavanol Cocoa: A Nutritional Intervention Study","volume":"95","author":"Arisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.05.016","article-title":"Rutin inhibits UVB radiation-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS in hairless mouse skin: p38 MAP kinase and JNK as potential targets","volume":"559","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051522","article-title":"Polyphenol levels in human urine after intake of six different polyphenol-rich beverages","volume":"94","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.12.044","article-title":"Green tea and the skin","volume":"52","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.1003365","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols with protective effects against skin photoaging","volume":"57","author":"Roh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60112","article-title":"Camellianoside, a novel antioxidant glycoside from the leaves of Camellia japonica","volume":"70","author":"Onodera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2973","article-title":"Identification of the biologically active constituents of Camellia japonica leaf and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12042618","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract from flower of Camellia japonica via scavenging of reactive oxygen species and induction of antioxidant enzymes","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718065","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/718065","article-title":"Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant properties of different grape (V. vinifera, V. labrusca, and V. hybrid) cultivars","volume":"2013","author":"Nile","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2761","article-title":"Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its bioactive compounds","volume":"23","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061048k","article-title":"Comparison of cardioprotective abilities between the flesh and skin of grapes","volume":"54","author":"Falchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0749.2003.00093.x","article-title":"Lightening effect on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin by oral administration of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds","volume":"16","author":"Yamakoshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00999-1","article-title":"Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins","volume":"33","author":"Khanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01300K","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the health perspectives of resveratrol","volume":"8","author":"Rauf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, Y.C. (2019). Human Skin Lightening Efficacy of Resveratrol and Its Analogs: From in Vitro Studies to Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090332"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwager, J., Richard, N., Widmer, F., and Raederstorff, D. (2017). Resveratrol distinctively modulates the inflammatory profiles of immune and endothelial cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1823-z"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.05.010","article-title":"Potential pro-inflammatory action of resveratrol in vascular smooth muscle cells from normal and diabetic rats","volume":"16","author":"Cignarella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60236B","article-title":"Resveratrol and its metabolites inhibit pro-inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharides in U-937 macrophages in plasma-representative concentrations","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-011-0232-z","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic versus anti-apoptotic properties of dietary resveratrol on tumoral and normal cardiac cells","volume":"6","author":"Baarine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02950","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Pomegranate Byproducts (Outer Skin, Mesocarp, Divider Membrane) and Their Antioxidant Activities","volume":"64","author":"Ambigaipalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010865b","article-title":"Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0626720","article-title":"In vitro studies on the binding, antioxidant, and cytotoxic actions of punicalagin","volume":"55","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.06.018","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of polyphenol punicalagin on type-II collagen degradation in vitro and inflammation in vivo","volume":"205","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X99000422","article-title":"Effects of punicalagin and punicalin on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9816-2","article-title":"Punicalagin inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the suppression of TLR4-mediated MAPKs and NF-kappaB activation","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383001","article-title":"Exploring marine resources for bioactive compounds","volume":"80","author":"Kiuru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14496","article-title":"Antimelanogenic effects of luteolin 7-sulfate isolated from Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino","volume":"175","author":"Kwak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.01.031","article-title":"Chemical components and its antioxidant properties in vitro: An edible marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.04.022","article-title":"Phlorotannins in Ecklonia cava extract inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.619965","article-title":"Exploiting biological activities of brown seaweed Ecklonia cava for potential industrial applications: A review","volume":"63","author":"Wijesinghe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"676","article-title":"Identification of chemical structure and free radical scavenging activity of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from a brown alga, Ishige okamurae","volume":"18","author":"Heo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980700b","article-title":"Comparative study of polyphenol scavenging activities assessed by different methods","volume":"47","author":"Provost","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0269-1","article-title":"Procyanidin B2 induces Nrf2 translocation and glutathione S-transferase P1 expression via ERKs and p38-MAPK pathways and protect human colonic cells against oxidative stress","volume":"51","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J.H., Lee, H.J., and Kang, K.S. (2019). Procyanidin C1 Activates the Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway to Prevent Glutamate-Induced Apoptotic HT22 Cell Death. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010142"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2013.879975","article-title":"EGCG inhibits Cd2+ -induced apoptosis through scavenging ROS rather than chelating Cd2+ in HL-7702 cells","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.10.006","article-title":"Modulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by the green tea polyphenol EGCG","volume":"46","author":"Na","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1163\/156856706775012941","article-title":"Scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals by resveratrol: Antioxidant effect","volume":"32","author":"Mahal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.06.027","article-title":"Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenolic phytoalexin, is a functional scavenger of peroxynitrite","volume":"80","author":"Holthoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14643","article-title":"Grape Peel Extract and Resveratrol Inhibit Wrinkle Formation in Mice Model Through Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00360-9","article-title":"Mechanism of protection by the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin, against tert-butylhydroperoxide- and menadione-induced DNA single strand breaks in Caco-2 cells","volume":"29","author":"Aherne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.65.4.851","article-title":"Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and NO protecting effects of quercetin and their biological significance in vascular smooth muscle","volume":"65","author":"Moreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173275","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2173275","article-title":"Effects of Ginger Phenylpropanoids and Quercetin on Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Human BJ. Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes","volume":"2016","author":"Schadich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.03.004","article-title":"Rutin protects against H2O2-triggered impaired relaxation of placental arterioles and induces Nrf2-mediated adaptation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells exposed to oxidative stress","volume":"1861","author":"Sthijns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380218","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/380218","article-title":"Punicalagin Induces Nrf2\/HO-1 Expression via Upregulation of PI3K\/AKT Pathway and Inhibits LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress in RAW264.7 Macrophages","volume":"2015","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011275g","article-title":"Free radical studies of ellagic acid, a natural phenolic antioxidant","volume":"50","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.06.045","article-title":"Dietary ellagic acid improves oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: Role of Nrf2 activation","volume":"175","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2019.23.2.121","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of dieckol against glutamate toxicity through reactive oxygen species scavenging and nuclear factor-like 2\/heme oxygenase-1 pathway","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.090","article-title":"Dieckol enhances the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes by the activation of Nrf2-MAPK signalling pathway in HepG2 cells","volume":"174","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.10.008","article-title":"Eckol isolated from Ecklonia cava attenuates oxidative stress induced cell damage in lung fibroblast cells","volume":"579","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.11.009","article-title":"Up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression by eckol, a phlorotannin compound, through activation of Erk and PI3K\/Akt","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, B., and Issinger, O.G. (2019). Natural Compounds and Derivatives as Ser\/Thr Protein Kinase Modulators and Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010004"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.1248","article-title":"Virtual and in vitro bioassay screening of phytochemical inhibitors from flavonoids and isoflavones against xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 for gout treatment","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1446091","article-title":"Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.08.002","article-title":"The natural phenolic compounds as modulators of NADPH oxidases in hypertension","volume":"55","author":"Yousefian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.04.011","article-title":"Potential matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors from edible marine algae: A review","volume":"37","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104775","article-title":"Correlating In Vitro Target-Oriented Screening and Docking: Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases Activities by Flavonoids","volume":"83","author":"Crasci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00149-6","article-title":"Resveratrol, a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, protects sperm from DNA damage and apoptosis caused by benzo(a)pyrene","volume":"15","author":"Revel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047433p","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene transcription through an indirect mechanism involving binding to a 90 kDa heat shock protein","volume":"44","author":"Palermo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.06.007","article-title":"Plant polyphenols differentially modulate inflammatory responses of human keratinocytes by interfering with activation of transcription factors NFkappaB and AhR and EGFR-ERK pathway","volume":"255","author":"Potapovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300169e","article-title":"Quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin are indirect activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)","volume":"25","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4637","article-title":"Quercetin, quercetin glycosides and taxifolin differ in their ability to induce AhR activation and CYP1A1 expression in HepG2 cells","volume":"26","author":"Vrba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12270","article-title":"Consequences of urban pollution upon skin status. A controlled study in Shanghai area","volume":"38","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12203","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of urban pollution on the quality of skin: A multicentre study in Mexico","volume":"37","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S204905","article-title":"Skin protective effects of an antipollution, antioxidant serum containing Deschampsia antartica extract, ferulic acid and vitamin C: A controlled single-blind, prospective trial in women living in urbanized, high air pollution area","volume":"12","author":"Milani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curpen, S., Francois-Newton, V., Moga, A., Hosenally, M., Petkar, G., Soobramaney, V., Ruchaia, B., Lutchmanen Kolanthan, V., Roheemun, N., and Sokeechand, B.N. (2019). A novel method for evaluating the effect of pollution on the human skin under controlled conditions. Skin Res. Technol.","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12763"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S156324","article-title":"In vivo validation of the multicomponent powder (Vitachelox((R))) against the deposition of polluting ions","volume":"11","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5643","article-title":"Prooxidant Activity of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids: Updated Review of Mechanisms and Catalyzing Metals","volume":"30","author":"Eghbaliferiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M.E., and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040522"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666171109102426","article-title":"Cytoprotective Polyphenols Against Chronological Skin Aging and Cutaneous Photodamage","volume":"24","author":"Davinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, Y.C. (2019). p-Coumaric Acid as An Active Ingredient in Cosmetics: A Review Focusing on its Antimelanogenic Effects. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080275"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150428125428","article-title":"Cutaneous delivery of natural antioxidants: The enhancement approaches","volume":"21","author":"Aljuffali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200214666131210143407","article-title":"Delivery and application of dietary polyphenols to target organs, tissues and intracellular organelles","volume":"15","author":"Ohara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00826","article-title":"Topical Use of Quercetin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Ultraviolet B Radiation","volume":"9","author":"Nan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.014","article-title":"Quercetin deformable liposome: Preparation and efficacy against ultraviolet B induced skin damages in vitro and in vivo","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.01.012","article-title":"Quercetin in w\/o microemulsion: In vitro and in vivo skin penetration and efficacy against UVB-induced skin damages evaluated in vivo","volume":"69","author":"Vicentini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/8\/9\/379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:17:34Z","timestamp":1760188654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/8\/9\/379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox8090379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox8090379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]}}}