{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:04:17Z","timestamp":1787861057561,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]],"date-time":"2019-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PLATAFORMA DE INOVA\u00c7\u00c3O DA VINHA E DO VINHO \u2010 INNOVINE&amp;WINE\u201d","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan is an environmentally-friendly active molecule that has been explored for numerous agricultural uses. Its use in crop protection is well-known, however, other properties, such as bioactivity, deserve attention. Moreover, the modes of actions of chitosan remain to be elucidated. The present study assessed the levels of total phenolic compounds, the antioxidant potential, and the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes in the berries (skins and seeds), leaves, cluster stems, and shoots upon chitosan application on two red grapevine varieties (Touriga Franca and Tinto C\u00e3o). The application of chitosan on the whole vine before and after veraison led to the increased levels of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and tannins in Tinto C\u00e3o berries, and polyphenols and tannins in Touriga Franca berries, respectively. CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays indicated an increase in the antioxidant potential of berries. With the exception of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), all the ROS pathway genes tested, i.e., iron-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD), copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutaredoxin (Grx), respiratory burst oxidase (Rboh), amine oxidase (AO), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were found up-regulated in chitosan-treated berries. Results from the analyses of leaves, stems, and shoots revealed that chitosan not only induced the synthesis of phenolic compounds but also acted as a facilitator for the transfer of polyphenols from the leaves to the berries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1572840788000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Chitosan Upregulates the Genes of the ROS Pathway and Enhances the Antioxidant Potential of Grape (Vitis vinifera L. \u2018Touriga Franca\u2019 and \u2019Tinto C\u00e3o\u2019) Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupesh K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQ-VR), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CoLAB Vines&amp;Wines, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense (ADVID), R\u00e9gia Douro Park, 5000-033 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9242-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piebiep","family":"Goufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila 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Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2003-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Pinto-Sintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"In\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQ-VR), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas (CITAB), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00edlio","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica de Vila Real (CQ-VR), Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-011-0010-z","article-title":"Stimulation of anthocyanin synthesis in grape (Vitis vinifera) cell cultures by pulsed electric fields 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