{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T03:34:45Z","timestamp":1764732885276,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINECO\/FEDER \/\/ Excellence Program UGR","award":["MAT2017-85999P \/\/ Program UNETE\/UCE-PP2017-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2017-85999P \/\/ Program UNETE\/UCE-PP2017-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective was to evaluate the toxicity of zinc- and doxycycline-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. These NPs are composed of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid. NPs were loaded with doxycycline (D-NPs) and zinc (Zn-NPs) by chemical adsorption, and loading efficacy was demonstrated. Worm death rate in a concentration-response curve basis was calculated for lethality. Metabolism was evaluated through pharyngeal pumping assay. Body length measurements, brood size and egg lays were used to gauge growth, reproduction and fertility respectively. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels were determined to assess the reactive oxygen species production. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni were used for comparisons (p &lt; 0.05). Tested NPs at the highest dosage did not affect lethality or worm metabolism, expressed in terms of death rate and pharyngeal pumping per minute, respectively. Zn-NPs slightly increased worm growth. The concentration of the intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels was the lowest in the D-NPs group. The distinct NPs and concentrations employed were shown to be non-toxic for in situ administration of zinc and doxycycline, reducing the harmful effects of these compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Novel Polymeric Nanocarriers Reduced Zinc and Doxycycline Toxicity in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Toledano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Colegio M\u00e1ximo de Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Toledano-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Colegio M\u00e1ximo de Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda D.","family":"Navarro-Hortal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento s\/n., 18100 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0504-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Varela-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento s\/n., 18100 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Section, University of Granada, Colegio M\u00e1ximo de Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Quiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento s\/n., 18100 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1441","article-title":"Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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