{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1790129238931,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Waterford Institute of Technology &amp; ebiga-VISION GmbH","award":["WIT PhD Co-Fund Scholarship (WD_2017_43)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WIT PhD Co-Fund Scholarship (WD_2017_43)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transparent vitreous body, which occupies about 80% of the eye\u2019s volume, is laden with numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that could protect the eye from oxidative stress and disease. Aging is associated with degeneration of vitreous structure as well as a reduction in its antioxidant capacity. A growing body of evidence suggests these age-related changes may be the precursor of numerous oxidative stress-induced vitreo-retinopathies, including vision degrading myodesopsia, the clinically significant entoptic phenomena that can result from advanced vitreous degeneration. Adequate intravitreal antioxidant levels may be protective against vitreous degeneration, possibly preventing and even improving vision degrading myodesopsia as well as mitigating various other vitreo-retinopathies. The present article is, therefore, a review of the different antioxidant molecules within vitreous and the inter-relationships between vitreous antioxidant capacity and degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1576835433000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Vitreous Antioxidants, Degeneration, and Vitreo-Retinopathy: Exploring the Links"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7454-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ankamah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland"},{"name":"Institute of Eye Surgery, UPMC Whitfield, Buttlerstown, Co., X91 DH9W Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sebag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VMR Consulting Inc., Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland"},{"name":"Institute of Eye Surgery, UPMC Whitfield, Buttlerstown, Co., X91 DH9W Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1511\/2003.11.28","article-title":"How the retina works: Much of the construction of an image takes place in the retina itself through the use of specialized neural circuits","volume":"91","author":"Kolb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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