{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:13:28Z","timestamp":1782386008456,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B03032409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1D1A1B03032409"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07049594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07049594"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothermia enhances outcomes of patients after resuscitation after cardiac arrest (CA). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated effects of hypothermic therapy on neuronal damage\/death, microglial activation, and changes of endogenous antioxidants in the anterior horn in the lumbar spinal cord in a rat model of asphyxial CA (ACA). A total of 77 adult male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: normal, sham ACA plus (+) normothermia, ACA + normothermia, sham ACA + hypothermia, and ACA + hypothermia. ACA was induced for 5 min by injecting vecuronium bromide. Therapeutic hypothermia was applied after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) via rapid cooling with isopropyl alcohol wipes, which was maintained at 33 \u00b1 0.5 \u00b0C for 4 h. Normothermia groups were maintained at 37 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b0C for 4 h. Neuronal protection, microgliosis, oxidative stress, and changes of endogenous antioxidants were evaluated at 12 h, 1 day, and 2 days after ROSC following ACA. ACA resulted in neuronal damage from 12 h after ROSC and evoked obvious degeneration\/loss of spinal neurons in the ventral horn at 1 day after ACA, showing motor deficit of the hind limb. In addition, ACA resulted in a gradual increase in microgliosis with time after ACA. Therapeutic hypothermia significantly reduced neuronal loss and attenuated hind limb dysfunction, showing that hypothermia significantly attenuated microgliosis. Furthermore, hypothermia significantly suppressed ACA-induced increases of superoxide anion production and 8-hydroxyguanine expression, and significantly increased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Taken together, hypothermic therapy was found to have a substantial impact on changes in ACA-induced microglia activation, oxidative stress factors, and antioxidant enzymes in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord, which closely correlate with neuronal protection and neurological performance after ACA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Therapeutic Hypothermia Improves Hind Limb Motor Outcome and Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Damage in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Following Cardiac Arrest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Kyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bora","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hwi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-9893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taek Geun","family":"Ohk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hwi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongkweon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e707","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.237","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying cell death in ischemia-like damage to the rat spinal cord in 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