{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:42:42Z","timestamp":1773024162883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(ICMR) [59\/36\/2011\/BMS\/TRM]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(ICMR) [59\/36\/2011\/BMS\/TRM]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DRS-II from UGC New Delhi (India)","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"DST-FIST Programme, Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi (India)","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"Centre of Emerging Life Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (India)","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cassia fistula L. is a highly admirable traditional medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The present study was performed to divulge the antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing efficacy of fractions from C. fistula leaves. The hexane (CaLH fraction), chloroform (CaLC fraction), ethyl acetate (CaLE fraction), n-butanol (CaLB fraction), and aqueous (CaLA fraction) were sequentially fractionated from 80% methanolic (CaLM extract) of C. fistula leaves. The CaLE fraction was fractionated using column chromatography to yield a pure compound, which was characterized as Epiafzelechin (CFL1) based on 1H, 13C, and DEPT135 NMR. Among these fractions, CaLE and isolated CFL1 fractions exhibited an effective antioxidant potential in Ferric ion reducing power, (2,2\u2019-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid)) cation radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Epiafzelechin was investigated for its antiproliferative effects against MG-63 (osteosarcoma), IMR-32 (neuroblastoma), and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), and was found to inhibit cell proliferation with a GI50 value of 8.73, 9.15, and 11.8 \u03bcM respectively. MG-63 cells underwent apoptotic cell death on treatment with Epiafzelechin as the cells showed the formation of apoptotic bodies, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization along with an increase in early apoptotic cell population analyzed using Annexin V-FITC\/PI double staining assay. Cells showed cell cycle arrest at the G0\/G1 phase accompanied by a downregulation in the expression levels of p-Akt (Protein kinase B), p-GSK-3\u03b2 (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta), and Bcl-xl (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) proteins. RT-PCR (Real time-polymerase chain reaction) analysis revealed downregulation in the gene expression level of \u03b2-catenin and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinases-2) while it upregulated the expression level of caspase-8 and p53 genes in MG-63 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Antioxidant, Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Efficacy of Fractions from Cassia fistula L. Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kapil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anket","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&amp;F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabhpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7693-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upendra","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subodh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0121-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood \u201cNutraceuticals and Food for Health\u201d, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari\u00e1n","family":"Bresti\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1800-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satwinderjeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.10.004","article-title":"Flavonoids as prospective compounds for anti-cancer therapy","volume":"45","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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