{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:09:40Z","timestamp":1775664580109,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP 2019\/ 121), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","award":["(RSP 2019\/ 121)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(RSP 2019\/ 121)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In this era, worldwide interest has been directed towards using natural antioxidants to guard against drug side effects. Saussurea lappa is a famous medicinal plant with many biologically active compounds. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is an extensively used glucocorticoid. Hence, this study explored, for the first time, the possible beneficial effects of S. lappa ethanolic extract on TA-induced oxidative damage in the lung and spleen of rats. Methods: Five experimental groups were used: control group, S. lappa-treated group (600 mg\/kg\/day, orally), TA-treated group (40 mg\/kg\/twice\/week I\/P), S. lappa + TA co-treated group, and S. lappa\/TA prophylactic group. Results: TA exposure significantly induced leukocytosis and neutrophilia. In addition, TA significantly reduced the levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, and immunoglobulins. Lung Caspase-3 overexpression and splenic CD8+ downregulation were also noted in the TA group. TA treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration but reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. S. lappa counteracted the TA oxidative and apoptotic effects. The best results were recorded in the prophylactic group. Conclusions: S. lappa has a remarkable protective effect via its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant capacity. Thus, it could be a candidate as a natural antioxidant to face glucocorticoid\u2019s harmful side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1588937160000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Saussurea lappa Ethanolic Extract Attenuates Triamcinolone Acetonide-Induced Pulmonary and Splenic Tissue Damage in Rats via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ghada I.","family":"Abd El-Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Behairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora M.","family":"Elseddawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519 Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt"},{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2467-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael N.","family":"Hozzein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina M.","family":"Khodeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3646-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmina","family":"M. Abd-Elhakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deavall, D.G., Martin, E.A., Horner, J.M., and Roberts, R. (2012). Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. J. Toxicol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/645460"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.03.003","article-title":"Involvement of the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-secretory activity of bee venom in its therapeutic effects on acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats","volume":"419","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fan, W. (2014). 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