{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:50Z","timestamp":1787027510010,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["290324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["290324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several bioactive compounds are in use for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Historically, willow (salix sp.) bark has been an important source of salisylic acid and other natural compounds with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. Among these, picein isolated from hot water extract of willow bark, has been found to act as a natural secondary metabolite antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate the unrevealed pharmacological action of picein. In silico studies were utilized to direct the investigation towards the neuroprotection abilities of picein. Our in vitro studies demonstrate the neuroprotective properties of picein by blocking the oxidative stress effects, induced by free radical generator 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione, MQ), in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Several oxidative stress-related parameters were evaluated to measure the protection for mitochondrial integrity, such as mitochondrial superoxide production, mitochondrial activity (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and live-cell imaging. A significant increase in the ROS level and mitochondrial superoxide production were measured after MQ treatment, however, a subsequent treatment with picein was able to mitigate this effect by decreasing their levels. Additionally, the mitochondrial activity was significantly decreased by MQ exposure, but a follow-up treatment with picein recovered the normal metabolic activity. In conclusion, the presented results demonstrate that picein can significantly reduce the level of MQ-induced oxidative stress on mitochondria, and thereby plays a role as a potent neuroprotectant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1593081414000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Plant-Derived Natural Biomolecule Picein Attenuates Menadione Induced Oxidative Stress on Neuroblastoma Cell Mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kavindra Kumar","family":"Kesari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Dhasmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78539, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun 248016, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Shandilya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6470-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj","family":"Prabhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, \u00c5bo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8782-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinze","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Rosenholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, \u00c5bo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapani","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Ruokolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909787602823","article-title":"Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: A review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options","volume":"7","author":"Uttara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1748-0","article-title":"Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle influence oxidative stress in humans\u2014An overview","volume":"20","author":"Aseervatham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2017.1383124","article-title":"Oxidative stress response in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to short-term 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation","volume":"53","author":"Pavicic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Tox Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06278-5","article-title":"Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis","volume":"26","author":"Narayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(84)90207-8","article-title":"Menadione-induced cytotoxicity is associated with protein thiol oxidation and alteration in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis","volume":"235","author":"Bellomo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luukkonen, J., Liimatainen, A., H\u00f6yt\u00f6, A., Juutilainen, J., and Naarala, J. (2011). Pre-exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields modifies menadione-induced genotoxic effects in Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PLoS ONE., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018021"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"105414","article-title":"Use of humanneuroblastomaSH-SY5Ycells to evaluate glyphosate-induced effects on oxidative stress, neuronal development and cell death signaling pathways","volume":"35","author":"Maximiliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.021","article-title":"Menadione triggers cell death through ROS-dependent mechanisms involving PARP activation without requiring apoptosis","volume":"49","author":"Loor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40485","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607704200","article-title":"Menadione-induced reactive oxygen species generation via redox cycling promotes apoptosis of murine pancreatic acinar cells","volume":"281","author":"Criddle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)33730-X","article-title":"The metabolism of menadione (2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone) by isolated hepatocytes","volume":"257","author":"Thor","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320616","article-title":"The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence supporting it","volume":"32","author":"Fahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965146","article-title":"Evidence of an oxidative challenge in the Alzheimer\u2019s brain","volume":"19","author":"Balazs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"621","article-title":"Immunohistochemical evidence of antioxidant stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Pappolla","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10540","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.23.10540","article-title":"Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(90)90119-K","article-title":"Involvement of free radicals in dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type: A hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Volcier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Ali, G.C., Wu, Y.T., and Prina, M. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia. An. Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.2\/cqiu","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00498","article-title":"Characteristics of Hot Water Extracts from the Bark of Cultivated Willow (Salix sp.)","volume":"6","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.A. (2013). Aging, oxidative stress and antioxidants. Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases\u2014A Role for Antioxidants, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/45722"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gligoric, E., Igic, R., Suvajd\u017eic, L., and Grujic-Letic, N. (2019). Species of the Genus Salix, L.: Biochemical Screening and Molecular Docking Approach to Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091842"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.011","article-title":"Isolation, identification and antioxidative capacity of water-soluble phenylpropanoid compounds from Rhodiola crenulate","volume":"134","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240201111","article-title":"Waterhouse, GC-MS Determination of Catechin and Epicatechin Levels in Human Plasma","volume":"20","author":"Luthria","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. High. Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2010.04.010","article-title":"Medicinal potential of willow: A chemical perspective of aspirin discovery","volume":"14","author":"Mahdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-11-04854.1993","article-title":"Reversible heat stress-related loss of phosphorylated Alzheimer-type epitopes in tau proteins of human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"13","author":"Chiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"867","article-title":"Expression of cultured human neuroblastoma cells of epitopes associated with affected neurons in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"136","author":"Ko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01268-0","article-title":"Modulated induction of tau proteins in cultured human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"707","author":"Ko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3163-5-14","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions","volume":"5","author":"Waris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2578","article-title":"NOX enzymes in the central nervous system: From signaling to disease","volume":"11","author":"Sorce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814731","article-title":"Role of NADPH oxidase in endothelial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in humans","volume":"121","author":"Loukogeorgakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00024","article-title":"A Review on Central Nervous System Effects of Gastrodin","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12115","article-title":"Gastrodin alleviates memory deficits and reduces neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0758-z","article-title":"Gastrodin protects neural progenitor cells against Amyloid \u03b2 (1-42)-induced neurotoxicity and improves hippocampal neurogenesis in Amyloid \u03b2 (1-42)-injected mice","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.024","article-title":"Gastrodin suppresses BACE1 expression under oxidative stress condition via inhibition of the PKR\/eIF2alpha pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"325","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"514095","article-title":"Gastrodin protects apoptotic dopaminergic neurons in a toxin-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model, Evid. Based Complement","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"325","article-title":"Gastrodin inhibits neuroinflammation in rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model rats","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"4996","article-title":"The protective effect of gastrodin injection on Parkinson\u2019s disease rats","volume":"36","author":"Xi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"221","article-title":"The effect of gastrodin on the depressive-like behavior and the expression of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in CUS rats","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-016-1010-4","article-title":"Gastrodin reversed the traumatic stress-induced depressed-like symptoms in rats","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W652","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq367","article-title":"SIMCOMP\/SUBCOMP: Chemical structure search servers for network analyses","volume":"38","author":"Hattori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52971-3","article-title":"Isodeoxyelephantopin, a Sesquiterpene Lactone Induces ROS Generation, Suppresses NF-\u03baB Activation, Modulates LncRNA Expression and Exhibit Activities Against Breast Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00129-0","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"46","author":"Lipinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1388","article-title":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide protection against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon BaP and chrysene-induced perturbation of DNA repair machinery: A computational biology approach","volume":"63","author":"Dhasmana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W356","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx374","article-title":"PharmMapper 2017 update: A web server for potential drug target identification with a comprehensive target pharmacophore database","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150995","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0995","article-title":"Induction of micronuclei and superoxide production in neuroblastoma and glioma cell lines exposed to weak 50 Hz magnetic fields","volume":"13","author":"Kesari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"616","article-title":"In vitro identification of mitochondrial oxidative stress production by time-resolved fluorescence imaging of glioma cells","volume":"1865","author":"Tomkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.030","article-title":"Rapid generation of mitochondrial superoxide induces mitochondrion-dependent but caspase-independent cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells that morphologically resembles necroptosis","volume":"262","author":"Fukui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6532","article-title":"Menadione-Induced DNA Damage Leads to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Fragmentation During Rosette Formation in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"Halilovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2015). Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Chinese Medical Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"175","article-title":"Studies on constituents of Tian-ma","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"183","article-title":"The chemistry of Gastrodia elata BL","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2018.1549099","article-title":"Gastrodin exerts robust neuroprotection in the postischemic brain via its protective effect against Zn2+-toxicity and its anti-oxidative effects in astrocytes","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Cells Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2174\/138920207783769512","article-title":"The Basic Biology of BACE1: A Key Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andorf, C.M., Honavar, V., and Sen, T.Z. (2013). Predicting the Binding Patterns of Hub Proteins: A Study Using Yeast Protein Interaction Networks. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056833"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Kim, P.M., Sprecher, E., Trifonov, V., and Gerstein, M. (2007). The Importance of Bottlenecks in Protein Networks: Correlation with Gene Essentiality and Expression Dynamics. PLoS Comput. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030059"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrt116","article-title":"Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on levels of reactive oxygen species in neuronal cells","volume":"55","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90396-4","article-title":"A new rapid and simple non-radioactive assay to monitor and determine the proliferation of lymphocytes: An alternative to [3H] thymidine incorporation assay","volume":"170","author":"Ahmed","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)00151-0","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of the MTS tetrazolium assay for detecting in vitro cytotocity of 20 chemicals using human cell lines","volume":"124","author":"Malich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasricha, R., and Sachdev, D. (2017). Biological Characterization of Nanofiber Composites. Nanofiber Composites for Biomedical Applications, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100173-8.00007-7"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"6246","article-title":"Gene expression after treatment with hydrogen peroxide, menadione, or t-butyl hydroperoxide in breast cancer cells, Cancer Res","volume":"62","author":"Chuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119481","article-title":"Excessive formation of hydroxyl radicals and aldehydic lipid peroxidation products in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with complex I deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"129","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing activity of vitamin C and vitamin K","volume":"46","author":"Sakagami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1300","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.280.6.L1300","article-title":"Oxygen radical-induced mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in pulmonary vascular endothelial cell phenotypes","volume":"280","author":"Grishko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.10.004","article-title":"Genomic instability induced by 50Hz magnetic fields is a dynamically evolving process not blocked by antioxidant treatment","volume":"794","author":"Kesari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.106","article-title":"Simple quantitative detection of mitochondrial superoxide production in live cells","volume":"358","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750018","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793545817500183","article-title":"Quantitative optical measurement of mitochondrial superoxide dynamics in pulmonary artery endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Ghanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675086","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5675086","article-title":"Direction-Dependent Effects of Combined Static and ELF Magnetic Fields on Cell Proliferation and Superoxide Radical Production","volume":"2017","author":"Naarala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.06.030","article-title":"TCDD-induced mitochondrial superoxide production does not lead to mitochondrial degeneration or genomic instability in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells","volume":"44","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.150.1.131","article-title":"Jr Caspase inhibition extends the commitment to neuronal death beyond cytochrome c release to the point of mitochondrial depolarization","volume":"150","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013290316939","article-title":"Real-time measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species using mito tracker orange (CMH(2)TMRos)","volume":"21","author":"Kweon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/6\/552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:42:42Z","timestamp":1760175762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/6\/552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox9060552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9060552","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]}}}