{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:53:21Z","timestamp":1792000401282,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by \u201cProgramma Operativo Nazionale Ricerca e Innovazione (PON RI 2014\/2020) Action I.1-\u201cInnovative PhD with industrial characterization\u201d Funding FSE-FESR.","award":["This research was funded by \u201cProgramma Operativo Nazionale Ricerca e Innovazione (PON RI 2014\/2020) Action I.1-\u201cInnovative PhD with industrial characterization\u201d Funding FSE-FESR."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This research was funded by \u201cProgramma Operativo Nazionale Ricerca e Innovazione (PON RI 2014\/2020) Action I.1-\u201cInnovative PhD with industrial characterization\u201d Funding FSE-FESR."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex metabolic disorder associated with female infertility. Based on energy and antioxidant regulatory functions of carnitines, we investigated whether acyl-L-carnitines improve PCOS phenotype in a mouse model induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). CD1 mice received DHEA for 20 days along with two different carnitine formulations: one containing L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), and the other one containing also propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC). We evaluated estrous cyclicity, testosterone level, ovarian follicle health, ovulation rate and oocyte quality, collagen deposition, lipid droplets, and 17\u00df-HSD IV (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV) expression. Moreover, we analyzed protein expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA), RAGE (receptor for AGEs), GLO2 (glyoxalase 2) and ovarian accumulation of MG-AGEs (advanced glycation end-products formed by methylglyoxal). Both carnitine formulations ameliorated ovarian PCOS phenotype and positively modulated antioxidant molecular pathways in the ovarian microenvironment. Addition of PLC to LC-ALC formulation mitigated intraovarian MG-AGE accumulation and increased mtTFA expression. In conclusion, our study supports the hypothesis that oral administration of acyl-L-carnitines alleviates ovarian dysfunctions associated with this syndrome and that co-administration of PLC provides better activity. Molecular mechanisms underlying these effects include anti-oxidant\/glycative activity and potentiation of mitochondria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:24:09Z","timestamp":1600165449000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Regulatory Functions of L-Carnitine, Acetyl, and Propionyl L-Carnitine in a PCOS Mouse Model: Focus on Antioxidant\/Antiglycative Molecular Pathways in the Ovarian Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Di Emidio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Placidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8758-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenica","family":"Cocciolone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1216-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Virmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfasigma Health Science, 3528 BG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Macchiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Palmerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2212-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Giovanni","family":"Artini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u201cP. Fioretti\u201d University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Tatone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.09.003","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Trikudanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. 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