{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:16:12Z","timestamp":1790957772116,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Defense Medical Affairs Bureau, Taiwan","award":["MAB-106-028 and 029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-106-028 and 029"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taiwan","award":["10844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10844"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST108-2320-B016-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST108-2320-B016-018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ollege Student Research Scholarship of Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["108-2813-C-016-008-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2813-C-016-008-B"]}]},{"name":"Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taiwan","award":["10805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnolol (MG) is the main active compound of Magnolia officinalis and exerts a wide range of biological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of MG using tyloxapol (Tylo)-induced (200 mg\/kg, i.p.) hyperlipidemia in rats and palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated (0.3 mM) HepG2 cells. Our results showed that Tylo injection significantly increased plasma levels of triglyceride and cholesterol as well as superoxide anion in the livers, whereas MG pretreatment reversed these changes. MG reduced hepatic lipogenesis by attenuating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) proteins and Srebp-1, Fas, Acc, and Cd36 mRNA expression as well as upregulated the lipolysis-associated genes Hsl, Mgl, and Atgl. Furthermore, MG reduced plasma interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and protein expression of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase 1 as well as upregulated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in hepatocytes of Tylo-treated rats. Enhanced autophagic flux by elevation of autophagy related protein 5-12 (ATG5-12), ATG7, Beclin1, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 B II (LC3BII)\/LC3BI ratio, and reduction of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1\/p62) and phosphorylation of mTOR was observed by MG administration. However, autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in HepG2 cells drastically abrogated the MG-mediated suppression of inflammation and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, MG inhibited hepatic steatosis-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the restoration of autophagy to promote HO-1 signaling capable of ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Involvement of HO-1 and Autophagy in the Protective Effect of Magnolol in Hepatic Steatosis-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation In Vivo and In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4220-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ni-Chun","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shieh-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Sungshan Branch, Taipei 10581, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Hsueh","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Mei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.038","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: A prospective study","volume":"140","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0758-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Kawano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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