{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:47:29Z","timestamp":1787510849725,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["500-20190166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["500-20190166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive accumulation of melanin can cause skin pigmentation disorders, which may be accompanied by significant psychological stress. Although many natural and synthetic products have been developed for the regulation of melanogenesis biochemistry, the management of unwanted skin pigmentation remains challenging. Herein, we investigated the potential hypopigmenting properties of peptide sequences that originated from milk proteins such as \u0138-casein and \u03b2-lactoglobulin. These proteins are known to inhibit melanogenesis and their hydrolysates are reported as antioxidant peptides. We synthesize tetrapeptide fragments of the milk protein hydrolysates and investigate the amino acids that are essential for designing peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. We found that the peptide methionine-histidine-isoleucine-arginine amide sufficiently inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity, shows potent antioxidant activity and effectively impedes melanogenesis in cultured melanocytes via cooperative biological activities. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of the bioactive tetrapeptide from milk proteins as a chemical alternative to hypopigmenting agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Milk Protein-Derived Antioxidant Tetrapeptides as Potential Hypopigmenting Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Saerom","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Ryung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea"},{"name":"Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13605, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Sik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon-Yeong","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(73)90081-7","article-title":"Importance of Fact That Melanin Is Black","volume":"39","author":"Mcginnes","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. 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