{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:56:59Z","timestamp":1792162619622,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme for research and innovation under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["609402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["609402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocoa bean shell (CBS), a by-product with considerable concentrations of bioactive compounds and proven biofunctional potential, has been demonstrated to be a suitable ingredient for high-fiber functional biscuits adapted to diabetic consumers. In this work, the in vitro bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of polyphenols and methylxanthines contained in these biscuits were evaluated, and the effect of the food matrix was studied. Biscuits containing CBS and the CBS alone underwent in vitro digestion followed by an intestinal permeability study. The results confirmed that compounds were less bioavailable in the presence of a food matrix, although the digestion contributed to their release from this matrix, increasing the concentrations available at the intestinal level and making them capable of promoting antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. After digestion, CBS biscuits were shown to possess \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition capacity comparable to that of acarbose. Moreover, the presence of the food matrix improved the stability of polyphenols throughout the digestion process. Intestinal absorption of flavan-3-ols seemed to be limited to a maximum threshold and was therefore independent of the sample, while procyanidin was not absorbed. Methylxanthine absorption was high and was boosted by the presence of the food matrix. The results confirmed the biofunctional potential of CBS-based biscuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T01:28:48Z","timestamp":1606094928000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Polyphenolic and Methylxanthine Bioaccessibility of Cocoa Bean Shell Functional Biscuits: Metabolomics Approach and Intestinal Permeability through Caco-2 Cell Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9753-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Rojo-Poveda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letricia","family":"Barbosa-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charaf","family":"El Khattabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle N.H.","family":"Youl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Drug Development, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Joseph Ki-Zerbo, BP 958 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bertolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7453-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Delporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy (APFP), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Pochet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"St\u00e9vigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shahidi, F., and Naczk, M. 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