{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:19:45Z","timestamp":1778181585623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S.D.E.A. Lovrin, Romania","award":["2381\/31.03.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2381\/31.03.2022"]}]},{"name":"S.D.E.A. Lovrin, Romania","award":["6PFE Program 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6PFE Program 1"]}]},{"name":"Development of the national system of research\u2014development, institutional development projects\u2014development projects of excellence in R.D.I","award":["2381\/31.03.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2381\/31.03.2022"]}]},{"name":"Development of the national system of research\u2014development, institutional development projects\u2014development projects of excellence in R.D.I","award":["6PFE Program 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6PFE Program 1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to evaluate the influence of preparation and extraction methods on the phytochemical profile and microbiological activity of 12 medicinal plants from the west side of Romania. First, the proximate composition (humidity, proteins, lipids, and ash) and elemental composition of the raw material were evaluated. Two levels of plant shredding were used: coarse shredding (CS) and fine grinding of plants to obtain powder (FG), and three extraction methods: conventional solvent extraction (CES), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave extraction (MWE). The phytochemical profile investigated referred to antioxidant activity (AA), total polyphenol content (TPC), and flavonoid content (TFC), using spectrophotometric methods, and individual polyphenols detected using the LC\/MS method. The preparation\/extraction method for each medicinal plant was optimized using statistical analysis. The optimized extracts for each medicinal plant were tested to evaluate the antimicrobial potential against 9 standard strains. The results showed that the sample preparation method before extraction (shredding or grinding) influences the content of phytocompounds by increasing them in powder form. The use of green technologies, especially MWE, leads to the highest content of TPC, TFC, and AA. The TPC value ranged between 4.83\u201319.2 mgGAE\/g DM in the samples CS and between 19.00\u201352.85 mgGAE\/g DM in the samples FG. The highest antioxidant value was found in the Origanum vulgare extract, both in the case of the crushed sample (22.66 mM Fe2+\/100 g) and the powder sample (81.36 mM Fe2+\/100 g), followed by Melissa officinalis, The TFC values varied in the range of 1.02\u20133.46 mgQE\/g DM when CES was used, between 2.36\u201312.09 mgQE\/g DM for UAE, and between 1.22\u20139.63 mgQE\/g DM in the case of the MWE procedure. The antimicrobial activity highlighted the effectiveness of the extracts, especially on the strains of H. influenzae, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, S. aureus, and S. flexneri. Reduced antimicrobial activity was recorded for the strains of S. pyogenes and P. aeruginosa. The best antimicrobial activity was registered by Thymus serpyllum, with an inhibition rate of 132.93% against E. coli and 78.40% against C. albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:28:27Z","timestamp":1676514507000},"page":"2530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Influence of Sample Preparation\/Extraction Method on the Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Activities of 12 Commonly Consumed Medicinal Plants in Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicolae Marinel","family":"Horablaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin, Principala Street No. 200, 307260 Lovrin, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoanela","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersilia","family":"Alexa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Obistioiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana","family":"Cocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana-Atena","family":"Poiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dacian","family":"Lalescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3370-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgeta","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilinca Merima","family":"Imbrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timisoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Buzna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin, Principala Street No. 200, 307260 Lovrin, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagbo, I.J., and Hussein, A.A. 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