{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:33:57Z","timestamp":1776929637190,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses with the presence of polyps, affecting between 2.7% and 4.4% of the population. Cytokine analysis has become important in research on inflammatory mechanisms in CRSwNP. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution, and interlinks of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and Ki-67 in CRSwNP. Methods: Samples of nasal polyps were obtained from 19 patients with previously diagnosed CRSwNP and the recurrence of polyps after previous surgeries. The control group consisted of samples from 17 otherwise healthy individuals with isolated nasal septum deviations. Tissues were stained for previously mentioned cytokines and Ki-67 immunohistochemically. Results: Polyp samples showed an increased presence of cytokines in subepithelial connective tissue and a decreased appearance in epithelium when compared to controls. There were several very strong, strong, and moderate correlations among factors. Conclusions: IL-6 strongly correlates with other cytokines as well as with the proliferation marker Ki-67, which suggests significant stimulation of this regulatory cytokine and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of recurrent nasal polyps. IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-12 correlate with Ki-67, which suggests the possible involvement of these cytokines in tissue cell proliferation in the case of recurrent nasal polyps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm90050053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1665983282000},"page":"451-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of Cytokines and Proliferation Marker Ki-67 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Recurring Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolfs","family":"Viksne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Vasarnicu Street 20, LV-5417 Daugavpils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunta","family":"Sumeraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4297","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Epidemiology and Burden of Disease","volume":"30","author":"DeConde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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