{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:44:22Z","timestamp":1767707062674,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mucpharm Pty Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Respiratory Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and COVID-19 are difficult to treat owing to viscous secretions in the airways that evade mucocilliary clearance. Earlier studies have shown success with BromAc as a mucolytic agent. Hence, we tested the formulation on two gelatinous airway representative sputa models, to determine whether similar efficacy exist. Sputum lodged in an endotracheal tube was treated to aerosol N-acetylcysteine, bromelain, or their combination (BromAc). After measuring the particle size of aerosolized BromAc, the apparent viscosity was measured using a capillary tube method, whilst the sputum flow was assessed using a 0.5 mL pipette. Further, the concentration of the agents in the sputa after treatment were quantified using chromogenic assays. The interaction index of the different formulations was also determined. Results indicated that the mean particle size of BromAc was suitable for aerosol delivery. Bromelain and N-acetylcysteine affected both the viscosities and pipette flow in the two sputa models. BromAc showed a greater rheological effect on both the sputa models compared to individual agents. Further, a correlation was found between the rheological effects and the concentration of agents in the sputa. The combination index using viscosity measurements showed synergy only with 250 \u00b5g\/mL bromelain + 20 mg\/mL NAC whilst flow speed showed synergy for both combinations of bromelain (125 and 250 \u00b5g\/mL) with 20 mg\/mL NAC. Hence, this study indicates that BromAc may be used as a successful mucolytic for clearing airway congestion caused by thick mucinous immobile secretions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm91020013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T04:45:32Z","timestamp":1681706732000},"page":"146-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Nebulized BromAc on Rheology of Artificial Sputum: Relevance to Muco-Obstructive Respiratory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Krishna","family":"Pillai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Mekkawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucpharm Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.012","article-title":"Micro- and macrorheology of mucus","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. 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