{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:55:37Z","timestamp":1791219337462,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Idiopathic pulmonaryy fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. While comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension and lung cancer have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the implications of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IPF. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and the combined malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome in patients with IPF using the latest diagnostic criteria from the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Methods: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted, focusing on patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). All participants provided informed consent, and the study followed ethical guidelines. Malnutrition was diagnosed based on the GLIM criteria, requiring one phenotypic and one etiological criterion, with muscle mass assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Sarcopenia was screened following the EWGSOP2 recommendations. The statistical analysis was performed using JAMOVI version 2.3.22, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: The findings revealed that 77.65% of the participants were malnourished, and 20% had sarcopenia. The malnourished patients had significantly lower body weight, height, and muscle mass compared to the non-malnourished patients. Furthermore, the patients with malnutrition exhibited poorer health-related quality of life scores. This study also identified the malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome in 8.23% of the participants. Conclusions: Malnutrition, based on the GLIM criteria was identified in three out of four patients with IPF, while sarcopenia according to the EWGSOP2 was present in one out of five. This study underscores the necessity for routine screening for malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with IPF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm93030011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T04:46:38Z","timestamp":1748493998000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Malnutrition, Sarcopenia, and Malnutrition Sarcopenia Syndrome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Cabrera-C\u00e9sar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7469-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIO-NAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dermatology, M\u00e1laga University, 29016 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Quironsalud M\u00e1laga Hospital, Av. Imperio Argentina, 29004 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Lopez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0569-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Sanmart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Son Espases Universitary Hospital, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07120 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ben\u00edtez Cano-Gamonoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Asschert Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Esp\u00edldora-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Carlos de Haya Regional University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fernandez de Rota Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Vega-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIO-NAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria del Mar","family":"Amaya-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIO-NAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Tinahones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIO-NAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, CIBEROBN, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), University of M\u00e1laga, 29016 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8570-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Garcia-Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIO-NAND, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dermatology, M\u00e1laga University, 29016 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Quironsalud M\u00e1laga Hospital, Av. Imperio Argentina, 29004 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), University of M\u00e1laga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Velasco-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neumology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","article-title":"An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT statement: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"183","author":"Raghu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. 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