{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:57:35Z","timestamp":1773104255867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurement of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in exhaled breath (FeNO) is a quantitative, non-invasive, simple, and safe method for assessing airway inflammation. It serves as a complementary tool to other methods for evaluating airway diseases. However, little is known about the typical NO levels in healthy individuals, including individual differences and the influence of measurement timing. Therefore, this study classified measurement times into four periods and statistically analyzed NO levels in healthy individuals. The mean values among groups were compared using repeated measures ANOVA on six participants. The analysis showed large individual variations in NO levels, resulting in no significant difference (p = 0.29). Notably, greater fluctuations were observed in the morning. These findings align with previous studies suggesting the influence of circadian rhythms and the redundancy of repeated measurements. This study highlights the need to consider timing and individual variability when using FeNO as a physiological marker in healthy populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm93040026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T08:47:14Z","timestamp":1753087634000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigation of Individual Variability and Temporal Fluctuations in Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) Levels in Healthy Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Yuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Semiconductor and Digital Future, Mie University, Tsu 514-0000, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Management Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0002, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Semiconductor and Digital Future, Mie University, Tsu 514-0000, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Semiconductor and Digital Future, Mie University, Tsu 514-0000, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Sakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Semiconductor and Digital Future, Mie University, Tsu 514-0000, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Semiconductor and Digital Future, Mie University, Tsu 514-0000, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.020","article-title":"Partitioned exhaled nitric oxide to non-invasively assess asthma","volume":"163","author":"Puckett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. 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