{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:05:47Z","timestamp":1780524347808,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institute Health","award":["U54MD013376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD013376"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute Health","award":["R24MD000217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24MD000217"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute Health","award":["R24MD002803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24MD002803"]}]},{"name":"the National Institute Health","award":["T32IR5355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32IR5355"]}]},{"name":"The Regents of the University of California, Tobacco-Related Diseases Research Program","award":["U54MD013376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD013376"]}]},{"name":"The Regents of the University of California, Tobacco-Related Diseases Research Program","award":["R24MD000217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24MD000217"]}]},{"name":"The Regents of the University of California, Tobacco-Related Diseases Research Program","award":["R24MD002803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24MD002803"]}]},{"name":"The Regents of the University of California, Tobacco-Related Diseases Research Program","award":["T32IR5355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32IR5355"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: School-based tobacco control policies are critical for preventing youth tobacco use. While many districts adopt formal policies to create smoke- and vape-free environments, the degree to which these policies are enforced at the school level may vary, influencing their effectiveness. Little is known about how consistently such policies are implemented across schools within urban school districts. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the existence and enforcement of school-level tobacco control policies in an urban public school system, using Baltimore City schools as a case example. Methods: We conducted a survey of school personnel from 20 high schools in Baltimore City in 2024. The survey instrument assessed the presence and enforcement of policies related to tobacco use prevention, communication, signage, disciplinary actions, and institutional support. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to summarize responses. Spearman correlations were also used for bivariate correlations. Additional school-level and neighborhood-level contextual data were collected from the internet (neighborhood socioeconomic status and school performance). Results: While many policies existed across the 20 participating schools, their enforcement was widely inconsistent. Most schools reported the existence of policies prohibiting tobacco use in school buildings (60%) and vehicles (55%). However, few schools had visible tobacco-free signage (35%) or offered cessation programs (15%). Communication of policies to students (70%) and staff (65%) was the most commonly enforced aspect of tobacco control policies. Conclusions: Findings suggest that while tobacco control policies may be adopted across urban school systems, their enforcement at the school level remains uneven. Greater attention may be needed to support policy implementation and to reduce variability in school-level practices. Baltimore City serves as a useful case study to understand these challenges and identify opportunities for strengthening school-based tobacco prevention efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm93040028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1754391021000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tobacco-Free Schools in Practice: Policy Presence and Enforcement in Baltimore Schools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6592-7698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chidubem","family":"Egboluche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health & Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifath Ara Alam","family":"Barsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5054-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shervin","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Mercure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Tobacco Programs, American Lung Association, Chicago, IL 60601, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Laveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1040-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwatosin","family":"Olateju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helene Fuld School of Nursing, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD 21216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0256-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payam","family":"Sheikhattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Community Health & Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.2.2.2","article-title":"Multiple Levels of Influence That Impact Youth Tobacco Use","volume":"2","author":"Krauss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob. 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