{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:40:48Z","timestamp":1770979248342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Farmaceutici Damor S.p.A."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory seasonal viral infections remain one of the most important issues in community medicine. The heterogeneity of etiological agents and the characteristics of the hosts airway antiviral defenses account for the complex management of these infections. The clinical consequence of this picture is that, despite the widespread use of vaccination as the primary prevention strategy, the rates of acute respiratory complications remain still high. In addition, they determine post-infectious fatigue and organ dysfunction. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the principal pathogenic mechanisms responsible for clinical complications during respiratory seasonal viral infections. Nowadays, a growing body of evidence indicates that adjunctive nutritional support can contribute to relieve the symptoms during the acute and subacute phases of respiratory viral infections. We assess the data in the literature regarding the combination of L-Arginine and Liposomal Vitamin C as adjuvant treatment for respiratory seasonal viral infections. The database of the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) was searched using the keywords \u201cL-Arginine, Vitamin C, dietary supplements, seasonal respiratory viral infections\u201d. The treatment of symptoms during acute and post-acute respiratory viral infections requires an integrated approach that includes vitamins and nutritional supplementation. The combination of L-Arginine and Liposomal Vitamin C seems to represent a nutritional support able to mitigate symptoms occurring during the acute or post-acute phase of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm94010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:02:01Z","timestamp":1770660121000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of L-Arginine and Liposomal Vitamin C Supplementation as an Adjunct in Seasonal Respiratory Viral Infection Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Trimarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedali","family":"Ghazihosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Ida","family":"Rozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unicamillus International Medical University, 00199 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6096-2768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine University of Tuscia, 1100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Rozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unicamillus International Medical University, 00199 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2158-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Morisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","article-title":"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections","volume":"7","author":"Moriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: A modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00982-5","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"400","author":"Uyeki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy866","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa","volume":"68","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00222-8","article-title":"Colchicine for community-treated patients with COVID-19 (COLCORONA): A phase 3, randomised, double-blinded, adaptive, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"9","author":"Tardif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adebayo, A., Varzideh, F., Wilson, S., Gambardella, J., Eacobacci, M., Jankauskas, S.S., Donkor, K., Kansakar, U., Trimarco, V., and Mone, P. (2021). l-Arginine and COVID-19: An Update. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113951"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.031","article-title":"L-Arginine Modulates T Cell Metabolism and Enhances Survival and Anti-tumor Activity","volume":"167","author":"Geiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05836-6","article-title":"Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"358","author":"Tepaske","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0","article-title":"COVID-19: The vasculature unleashed","volume":"20","author":"Teuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12837","article-title":"Targeting the NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway in COVID-19 infection. The DEDALO project","volume":"9","author":"Isidori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04696-2","article-title":"The effect of prostacyclin (Iloprost) infusion at a dose of 1 ng\/kg\/min for 72 hours compared to placebo in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Johansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2021.09.013","article-title":"Effect of Crizanlizumab, a P-Selectin Inhibitor, in COVID-19: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial","volume":"6","author":"Leucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106360","article-title":"Combining L-Arginine with vitamin C improves long-COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey","volume":"183","author":"Izzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosato, M., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Coelho-J\u00fanior, H.J., Di Giorgio, A., Di Mario, C., Gervasoni, J., and Gremese, E. (2022). Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14234984"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106702","article-title":"Beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: New insights from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"191","author":"Trimarco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01081-3","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Key Risk Factors for Severe Illness Following SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"14","author":"Branche","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01080-4","article-title":"Burden of Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and SARS-CoV-2 with Consideration of Older Adults: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Hanage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha, A.E., Amer, I., Sharawy, S.E., and Ghazy, A.A. (2025). Estimation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM\/IgG Seroprevalence Among Non-Vaccinated and Vaccinated University Students: A Cross-Sectional Egyptian Study. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030378"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzo, V., Pellegrini, M., D\u2019Eusebio, C., Bioletto, F., Goitre, I., Buscemi, S., Frea, S., Ghigo, E., and Bo, S. (2021). Mediterranean Diet and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Is There Any Association? A Proof-of-Concept Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051721"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlidou, E., Poulios, E., Papadopoulou, S.K., Fasoulas, A., Dakanalis, A., and Giaginis, C. (2024). Clinical Evidence on the Potential Beneficial Effects of Diet and Dietary Supplements against COVID-19 Infection Risk and Symptoms\u2019 Severity. Med. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12010011"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licata, A., Seidita, A., Como, S., de Carlo, G., Cammilleri, M., Bonica, R., Soresi, M., Veronese, N., Chianetta, R., and Citarrella, R. (2025). Herbal and Dietary Supplements as Adjunctive Treatment for Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Italy. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020230"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2022010","article-title":"Role of vitamin C in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"8","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlahopoulos, S., Wang, K., Xue, Y., Zheng, X., Boldogh, I., and Pan, L. (2021). Endothelial Dysfunction through Oxidatively Generated Epigenetic Mark in Respiratory Viral Infections. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113067"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickl, R., Hauser, S., Pietzsch, J., and Richter, T. (2023). Significance of Pulmonary Endothelial Injury and the Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostanoid Signaling. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10010117"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06020258","article-title":"L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase: A new metabolic pathway in the lung and airways","volume":"6","author":"Jorens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khomich, O.A., Kochetkov, S.N., Bartosch, B., and Ivanov, A.V. (2018). Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080392"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1543","article-title":"COVID-19 and Oxidative Stress","volume":"85","author":"Chernyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L991","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00192.2012","article-title":"Antioxidant mimetics modulate oxidative stress and cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"303","author":"Hosakote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60443-2","article-title":"Increased Lung Catalase Activity Confers Protection Against Experimental RSV Infection","volume":"10","author":"Ansar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab128","article-title":"The Role of Immunomodulatory Nutrients in Alleviating Complications Related to SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review","volume":"13","author":"Jandaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvani, R., Gervasoni, J., Picca, A., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Coelho-J\u00fanior, H.J., Di Mario, C., Gremese, E., Lomuscio, S., and Paglionico, A.M. (2023). Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on l-Arginine Metabolism in Adults with Long COVID: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065078"}],"container-title":["Advances in Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2543-6031\/94\/1\/11\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:52:17Z","timestamp":1770976337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2543-6031\/94\/1\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["arm94010011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/arm94010011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2543-6031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2543-6031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}