{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:17:39Z","timestamp":1787807859389,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCyT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["270189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCyT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["772855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["270189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270189"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["772855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["772855"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv. Respir. Med.","ARM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease driven by aberrant extracellular matrix deposition, with the activity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) orchestrating fibrogenesis. Current therapies are limited by severe adverse effects, highlighting the unmet need for safer treatments. In this study, the therapeutic potential of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated. Methods: Pathology was induced on day 0 via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps delivering bleomycin (BLM) for one week, followed by pump removal on day 10. Therapeutic interventions with intragastric CGA (60 mg\/kg) were administered daily from days 14 to 20. Lung tissue samples obtained on day 21 were analyzed via histological, immunohistochemical, and RT\u2013PCR methods. Results: Histological analysis via H&amp;E and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining revealed that CGA treatment significantly attenuated alveolar thickening, restored the alveolar space, and reduced the total cell density and Ashcroft fibrosis score. Furthermore, CGA markedly decreased collagen deposition. Quantitative RT\u2013PCR and immunohistochemical assays revealed that CGA effectively decreased the expression of Col1a1, TGF-\u03b21, and the myofibroblast marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA). Conclusions: CGA exerts important therapeutic effects by decreasing the expression of TGF-\u03b21 and the activation of myofibroblasts, indicating that this natural polyphenol is a promising candidate for mitigating the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/arm94050060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:55:06Z","timestamp":1787673306000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Murine Model by Modulating TGF-\u03b21 Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomedicina Traslacional y Sistemas, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Nutrici\u00f3n y Alimentaci\u00f3n, Universidad del Istmo, Carretera Trans\u00edsmica Juchit\u00e1n, La Ventosa km. 14, La Ventosa C.P. 70102, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Aurora","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fibrosis y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovito C\u00e9sar","family":"Santos-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fibrosis y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9077-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edilburga","family":"Reyes-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fibrosis y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Arcos-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Avenida Solidaridad S\/N Hornos Insurgentes, Acapulco C.P. 39300, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Arellanes-Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica\u2014INMEGEN, Mexico City C.P. 14610, Mexico"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Adjunta de Investigaci\u00f3n Human\u00edstica y Cient\u00edfica, Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas\u2014SECIHTI, Mexico City C.P. 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Matias-Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SECIHTI-Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca C.P. 68020, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Socorro","family":"Pina-Canseco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma \u201cBenito Ju\u00e1rez\u201d de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68120, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica Roc\u00edo","family":"V\u00e1squez-Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fibrosis y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico"},{"name":"SECIHTI-Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca C.P. 68020, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Facultad de Medicina UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma \u201cBenito Ju\u00e1rez\u201d de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68120, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Balti\u00e9rrez-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Fibrosis y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca de Ju\u00e1rez C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico"},{"name":"SECIHTI-Facultad de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Benito Ju\u00e1rez de Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S\/N, Sur, San Felipe del Agua, Oaxaca C.P. 68020, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n 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